Table 2.
Descriptive characteristics of the muscle strength, tactile sensation and proprioception.
| Younger-old | Older-old | p | Cohen’ d | η2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle strength (N∗m/kg) | Ankle plantarflexion | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | <.001 | 1.000 | – |
| Ankle dorsiflexion | 0.23 ± 0.08 | 0.18 ± 0.07 | <.001 | .665 | – | |
| Hip abduction | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | <.001 | .811 | – | |
| Tactile sensation (gauge) | Great toe | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | .184 | – | .010 |
| 1st Metatarsal | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | .079 | – | .016 | |
| 5th Metatarsal | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | .233 | – | .008 | |
| Arch | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | .989 | – | .000 | |
| Heel | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | .526 | – | .002 | |
| Proprioception (O) | Knee flexion | 2.6 ± 1.6 | 3.8 ± 2.4 | <.001 | – | .081 |
| Knee extension | 2.9 ± 2.3 | 3.9 ± 2.5 | .002 | – | .066 | |
| Ankle plantarflexion | 2.6 ± 2.1 | 5.3 ± 3.9 | <.001 | – | .179 | |
| Ankle dorsiflexion | 2.8 ± 2.6 | 5.4 ± 4.3 | <.001 | – | .141 | |
Data are presented as mean ± SD.
Bold: p < .05.
The thresholds for effect size (Cohen’ d) were as follows: <0.20, trivial; 0.21–0.50, small; 0.51–0.80, medium; >0.81, large. The thresholds for effect size (η2) were as follows: 0.01–0.059, small; 0.06–0.14, medium; >0.14, large.