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. 2022 Aug 9;13:870154. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.870154

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Copyright © 2022 Van Schaik, Kettle, Green, Wundersitz, Gordon, Irving and Rathner.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of interventions on metabolic measures. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (A) day 1 and (B) day 7. Fat oxidation rate (C) day 1 and (D) day 7, and carbohydrate oxidation rate (E) day 1, (F) day 7. Blood glucose levels (G) day 1, and (H) day 7. Filled black square, time of carbohydrate load; filled black circle, time of intervention; blue circle, caffeine capsule; red square, C. annuum fruit powder capsule; black triangle, placebo capsule. Data is expressed as mean ± SD, n = 8 per intervention, *represents caffeine interaction effect, ⊗ represents C. annuum fruit powder interaction effects (*, ⊗ p < 0.05). Data values were analysed using repeated measures 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; day × treatment × time). Each ANOVA assessed differences between treatments (caffeine, C. annuum fruit powder, control), day (1 and 7), and time points. If a significant interaction or main effect was found, post hoc analysis was conducted via a t-test between trials. For multiple comparisons a Bonferroni correction was applied.