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. 2022 Aug 9;13:870154. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.870154

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Copyright © 2022 Van Schaik, Kettle, Green, Wundersitz, Gordon, Irving and Rathner.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Changes in whole-body energy expenditure in participants between pre- and post-administration of interventions in a 120 min period. (A) day 1 and (B) day 7. Grey bar, placebo capsule; blue bar, caffeine capsule; red bar, C. annuum fruit powder capsule. Data is expressed as mean ± SD, n = 8 per intervention, *represents interaction effect (**p < .001). Data values were analysed using repeated measures 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; pre × post). Each ANOVA assessed differences between treatments (caffeine, C. annuum, and placebo) and time points (pre vs. post intervention).