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. 2022 Aug 9;13:928313. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.928313

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Copyright © 2022 Hedge, Patterson, Mastrandrea, Sonjak, Hajj-Boutros, Faust, Morais and Hughson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Summary of the impact of spaceflight and head-down tilt bedrest (HDBR) in young to middle-aged adults and the impact of exercise as a countermeasure on various portions of the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system.