Table 1.
Characteristics of the 11 RCTs
| Author-year | Design | Study population | Intervention | Total, n | Age, median (IQR), year | Male, % | BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spyropoulos-2021 [21] | multicenter, active control randomized clinical trial | Hospitalized with COVID-19 (noncritically and critically ill) | Therapeutic (TA): enoxaparin (1 mg/kg BID or 0.5 mg/kg BID) | 129 | 65.8 ± 13.9a | 52.7 | 31.2 ± 9.3a |
| Standard (PA): LMWH (Up to 22,500 IU BID or TID) or enoxaparin (30 mg or 40 mg QD or BID).et | 124 | 67.7 ± 14.1a | 54.8 | 29.8 ± 13.6a | |||
| Lemos-2020 [13] | open-label RCT single-center, phase II | Hospitalized with COVID-19 (and ARDS) | Therapeutic (TA): enoxaparin (1 mg/kg BID or 0.75 mg/kg BID or 1 mg/kg QD) | 10 | 55 ± 10a | 90 | 33 ± 8a |
| Prophylactic (PA): enoxaparin (40 mg QD or 40 mg BID) or UFH (5000 IU TID or 7500 IU TID) | 10 | 58 ± 16a | 70 | 34 ± 8a | |||
| Goligher-2021 [12] | open-label RCT adaptive, multiplatform | Hospitalized with severe COVID-19(critically ill) | Therapeutic (TA): UFH or LMWH | 536 | 60.4 ± 13.1a | 72.2 | 30.4 (26.9–36.1) |
| Usual-Care (PA): local standard venous thromboprophylaxis | 567 | 61.7 ± 12.5a | 67.9 | 30.2 (26.4–34.9) | |||
| Lawler-2021 [22] | open-label RCT adaptive, multiplatform | Hospitalized with COVID-19(noncritically ill) | Therapeutic (TA): UFH or LMWH | 1181 | 59.0 ± 14.1a | 60.4 | 29.8 (26.3–34.7) |
| Usual-Care (PA): local standard venous thromboprophylaxis | 1050 | 58.8 ± 13.9a | 56.9 | 30.3 (26.7–34.9) | |||
| Connors-2021 [26] | adaptive, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Hospitalized with COVID-19 (symptomatic but clinically stable outpatients) | Therapeutic (TA): apixaban (5 mg BID) | 164 | 52 (47–58) | 37.8 | 31.1 (26.2–35.4) |
| Prophylactic (PA): apixaban (2.5 mg BID) | 165 | 55 (46–61) | 42.4 | 29.9 (26.2–34.8) | |||
| Marcos-Jubilar-2021 [23] | open-label, multicenter RCT | Hospitalized with COVID-19 (noncritically ill) | Therapeutic (TA): bemiparin (115 IU/kg QD) | 32 | 62.3 ± 12.2a | 53.1 | 25.8 (24.0–29.4) |
| Standard (PA): bemiparin (3500 IU QD) | 33 | 63.0 ± 13.7a | 72.7 | 26.1 (24.1–28.8) | |||
| Sholzberg-2021 [24] | Randomized controlled, adaptive, open label clinical trial. | Hospitalized with COVID-19(and elevated d-dimer) | Therapeutic (TA): UFH or LMWH | 228 | 60.4 ± 14.1a | 53.9 | 30.3 ± 6.4a |
| Prophylactic (PA): UFH or LMWH | 237 | 59.6 ± 15.5a | 59.5 | 30.2 ± 7.0a | |||
| Morici-2021 [25] | open-label, multicenter, controlled, randomized trial | Hospitalized with COVID-19 (noncritically ill) | Therapeutic (TA): enoxaparin (40 mg BID) | 91 | 60 (53–73) | 61.5 | 26 (24–28) |
| Prophylactic (PA): enoxaparin (40 mg QD) | 92 | 59 (48–72) | 64.1 | 25 (23–28) | |||
| Sadeghipour-2021 [27] | Multicenter randomized trial | Admitted to ICU with COVID-19 | Intermediate (TA): enoxaparin (1 mg/kg QD) | 276 | 62(51–70.7) | 58.7 | 26.7 (24.4–29.1) |
| Standard (PA): enoxaparin (40 mg QD) | 286 | 61(47–71) | 57 | 27.2 (24.3–29.1) | |||
| Lopes-2021 [14] | open-label RCT pragmatic | Hospitalized with COVID-19 (stable and unstable) | Therapeutic (TA): rivaroxaban (20 mg or 15 mg QD) | 311 | 56.7 ± 14.1a | 62 | 30.3 ± 6.0a |
| Prophylactic (PA): standard in-hospital enoxaparin or UFH | 304 | 56.5 ± 14.5a | 58 | 30.3 ± 6.1a | |||
| Perepu-2021 [11] | open-label RCT multi-center | Hospitalized with COVID-19 (ICU and/or coagulopathy) | Intermediate (TA): enoxaparin (40 mg QD or 30 mg BID or 40 mg BID) | 87 | 65 (24–86) | 54 | 30.0 (24.7–36.6) |
| Standard (PA): enoxaparin (1 mg/kg QD) or0.5 mg/kg BID | 86 | 63.5 (30–85) | 58 | 30.7 (27.2–35.8) |
Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, IQR Interquartile range, COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019, TA Therapeutic anticoagulation, PA Prophylactic anticoagulation, LMWH Low molecular weight heparin, UFH Unfractionated heparin, ARDS Advanced remote display system, QD Once daily, BID Twice daily, TID Thrice daily
aReported as mean ± standard deviation