Table 1.
Application of butyrate in vivo and in vitro model of DKD.
| Type | Model species | Mode and dose | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| STZ-induced juvenile male SD rats | Sodium butyrate (500 mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injection | HDACs activity↓; BG↓; SCr↓, BUN↓; NOS↓, iNOS↓; a-SMA↓; collagen I↓; fibronectin↓; TGF-β1↓; NF-κB↓; apoptosis↓; DNA damage↓ | Khan and Jena (2014) | |
| STZ-induced C57BL/6 mice and Nrf2−/− mice | Sodium butyrate diet (5 g/kg/day) | BG (−); UACR↓; mesangial matrix↓; TGF-β1↓; CTGF↓; PAI-1↓; HDAC activity↓; Nrf2↑ | Dong et al. (2017) | |
| db/db mice | Sodium butyrate (1 g/kg/day) by oral gavage | BG (−); UACR↓; apoptosis↓ (BCL-2↑; Bax↓; caspase-3↓) | Du et al. (2020a) | |
| db/db mice | Sodium butyrate (1 g/kg/day) diet | BG (−); BW (−); mesangial matrix↓; UACR (↓); collagen IV↓; PAI-1↓; a-SMA↓; CTGF↓; P311↓; miR-7a-5p↑; TGF-β1↓ | Du et al. (2020b) | |
| In | STZ-induced C57BL/6 mice | Sodium butyrate 100 mg/ (kg·48 h) by intraperitoneal injection | BW (−); FINS (−); blood lipid spectrum (−); RBG↓; FBG↓; IR↓; UACR↓; SCr↓; BUN↓; cystatin C↓; NF-κB↓; renal fibrosis↓ | Huang et al. (2020) |
| vivo | db/db mice | Sodium butyrate (5 g/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injection | BW↓; BG (−); UACR↓; glomerular and tubular injuries↓ | Yang et al. (2021) |
| STZ-induced C57BL/6 mice | Sodium butyrate (50 mM) dissolved and administered ad libitum in drinking water | BG (−); UACR↓; podocytes/glomerulus↓; collagen-PSR↓; macrophage (CD68+) ↓ | Li et al. (2020) | |
| STZ-induced juvenile male SD rats | Sodium butyrate (8 g/l) dissolved and administered ad libitum in drinking water | H3 acetylation↑; nitrotyrosine accumulation↑; p66Shc↑, albuminuria↑ | Bock et al. (2013) | |
| db/db mice | Sodium butyrate (1 g/kg/day) diet | Serum butyrate↑; SCr↓; BUN↓; and UACR↓; ZO-1↑; occludin↑ | Tang et al. (2022) | |
| STZ-induced SD rats | Sodium butyrate (300 mg/kg) by oral gavage | Serum and fecal butyrate↑; BG↓; BUN↓; eGFR↓; fibronectin↓; collagen IV↓; LC3↑; LC3BII/I↑; autophagosomes↑; mTOR↓; AMPK↑ | Cai et al. (2022) | |
| mouse kidney mesangial cell (SV40-MES 14 cells) | Sodium butyrate (5 mM) | lncRNA (+); mRNA (+) | Yang et al. (2021) | |
| Mouse glomerular mesangial cells (SV40-MES 13) | Sodium butyrate (5 mM) | Oxidative stress↓ (ROS↓, MDA↓, SOD↑); inflammation ↓ (ICAM-1↓, MCP-1↓, IL-1β↓) | Huang et al. (2017) | |
| In | Mouse glomerular mesangial cells (SV40-MES 13) | Sodium butyrate (5 mM) | ROS↓; MDA↓; MCP-1↓; IL-1β↓; NF-κB activation↓ | Huang et al. (2020) |
| vitro | Rat kidney tubular epithelial (NRK52E) cells | Sodium butyrate (0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mM) | HDAC2↓; BCL-2↑; Bax↓; caspase-3↓; oxidative stress ↓ (ROS↓, SOD↑, LDH↓) | Dong et al. (2017) |
| Mouse mesangial cells (SV40-MES-13) | Sodium butyrate (0.5 mM) | Collagen IV↓; PAI-1↓; a-SMA↓; CTGF↓; P311↓; miR-7a-5p↑; TGF-β1↓ | Du et al. (2020b) | |
| Mouse kidney tubular epithelial cells and podocytes | Sodium butyrate (3.2 mM) | IL-6↓; fibronectin↓; TGF-β↓; TNF-α↓; MCP-1 | Li et al. (2020) |
(−) no effect; (+) have an effect; STZ, streptozotocin; HDAC, histone deacetylase; HG, high glucose; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; a-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin; UACR, the ratio of urinary albumin to creatinine; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; FINS, fasting insulin; BG, blood glucose; FBG, fasting blood glucose; RBG, random blood glucose; BW, body weight; SCr, serum creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; mRNA, messenger RNA; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MDA, Malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma-2; Bax, BCL-2-Acssocisted X; ZO-1, zona occludens-1; IR, insulin resistance; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; LC3, an autophagy marker.