TABLE 3.

Nucleic acid biomarkers.

Profile	Biomarker	Role	Relevance	References
DNA	DMSs in S100A13	Epigenetic biomarkers	Positive	Li et al. (2020a)
	Atg16L1	Related to autophagy	Positive	Gao et al. (2021)
miRNA	miR-1281	Microvascular promotion	Positive	Greco et al. (2020)
	miR-431–5p	Proliferation of ECs	Positive	Yu et al. (2021a)
	miR-9-3p	Angiogenesis promotion	Positive	Liu et al. (2022)
	miR-29b	Anti-apoptotic and antifibrotic effects	Negative	Dantas da Costa et al. (2019)
	miR-200b	Apoptosis promotion	Positive	Dantas da Costa et al., 2019; Yu et al., 2021c)
	miR-146a-5p	Anti-inflammatory and vascular protection		Barutta et al. (2021)
lncRNA	SNHG4	Inhibition of apoptosis	Negative	Yu et al. (2021c)
	PVT1	Promote the proliferation and migration of ECs	Positive	Wang et al. (2022)
circRNA	circ-PSNE1	Promote ferroptosis of RPE cells	Positive	Zhu et al. (2021c)
oxidative DNA breakdown product	8-OHdG	Related to oxidative stress	Positive	Hainsworth et al. (2020)

SNHG4, small nucleolar RNA, host gene 4; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine; RPE, retinal pigment epithelial.