Table 4.
Association between NOVA score and CVD risk factors, anthropometric measurements, body composition, biochemical variables, and inflammatory factors in obese and overweight women (n = 391).
| Variables | NOVA score | P-value | P-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE) | CI (95%) | ||||
| Body composition | |||||
| FFM (Kg) | Crude | −0.001 (0.002) | −0.005, 0.003 | 0.682 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.004 (0.004) | −0.011, 0.003 | - | 0.278 | |
| Model 2 | −0.004 (0.004) | 0.001, 0.001 | - | 0.056 | |
| FFMI | Crude | −0.004 (0.003) | −0.009, 0.001 | 0.115 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.003, 0.001 | - | 0.201 | |
| Model 2 | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.003, 0.001 | - | 0.376 | |
| FMI | Crude | −0.004 (0.001) | −0.014, 0.006 | 0.427 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.001 (0.002) | −0.005, 0.004 | - | 0.878 | |
| Model 2 | −5.286 (0.002) | −0.004, 0.004 | - | 0.981 | |
| BF (%) | Crude | 0.003 (0.002) | −0.001, 0.007 | 0.148 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.001 (0.004) | −0.006, 0.008 | - | 0.768 | |
| Model 2 | 0.001 (0.004) | −0.006, 0.008 | - | 0.768 | |
| BFM (Kg) | Crude | 0.006 (0.003) | −0.001, 0.013 | 0.084 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.002 (0.006) | −0.013, 0.009 | - | 0.719 | |
| Model 2 | −0.002 (0.006) | −0.014, 0.009 | 0.658 | ||
| TF (kg) | Crude | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.001, 0.005 | 0.097 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.001 (0.002) | −0.005, 0.004 | - | 0.812 | |
| Model 2 | −0.001 (0.002) | −0.006, 0.004 | - | 0.709 | |
| TF (%) | Crude | 0.035 (0.028) | −0.020, 0.089 | 0.213 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.001 (0.044) | −0.086, 0.088 | - | 0.988 | |
| Model 2 | −0.005 (0.045) | −0.094, 0.083 | - | 0.904 | |
| VFA (CM2) | Crude | 0.028 (0.037) | −0.044, 0.100 | 0.442 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.005 (0.082) | −0.168, 0.157 | - | 0.951 | |
| Model 2 | −0.007 (0.085) | −0.174, 0.159 | - | 0.930 | |
| VFL | Crude | 0.002 (0.005) | −0.007, 0.012 | 0.647 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.005 (0.011) | −0.017, 0.028 | - | 0.651 | |
| Model 2 | 0.006 (0.012) | −0.017, 0.029 | - | 0.076 | |
| Biochemical variables | |||||
| Insulin (mIU/ml) | Crude | −6.160 (0.001) | 0.001, 0.001 | 0.617 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.000 | - | 0.230 | |
| Model 2 | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.001, 0.001 | - | 0.273 | |
| HOMA_IR | Crude | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.0002, 0.001 | 0.671 | - |
| Model 1 | −2.096 (0.001) | −0.002, 0.002 | - | 0.981 | |
| Model 2 | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.001, 0.033 | - | 0.055 | |
| QUICKI (mg/lit) | Crude | −1.731 (0.001) | 0.001, 0.001 | 0.205 | - |
| Model 1 | −4.306 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.001 | - | 0.720 | |
| Model 2 | −3.775 (0.001) | 0.001, 0.001 | - | 0.042 | |
| hs-CRP (mg/l) | Crude | 0.001 (0.003) | −0.005, 0.005 | 0.962 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.001 (0.003) | −0.006, 0.007 | - | 0.875 | |
| Model 2 | 0.001 (0.003) | −0.006, 0.007 | - | 0.916 | |
| FBG (mg/dL) | Crude | −0.004 (0.005) | −0.014, 0.006 | 0.427 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.004 (0.006) | −0.017, 0.009 | - | 0.506 | |
| Model 2 | −0.006 (0.007) | −0.020, 0.007 | - | 0.335 | |
| SBP (mmHg) | Crude | −0.012 (0.007) | −0.027, 0.002 | 0.102 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.015 (0.008) | −0.032, 0.002 | - | 0.032 | |
| Model 2 | 0.017 (0.008) | −0.001, 0.020 | - | 0.148 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | Crude | −0.008 (0.005) | −0.018, 0.002 | 0.134 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.004 (0.086) | −0.016, 0.008 | - | 0.503 | |
| Model 2 | −0.007 (0.006) | −0.019, 0.005 | - | 0.236 | |
| TC (mg/dL) | Crude | 0.003 (0.019) | −0.036, 0.041 | 0.893 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.012 (0.022) | −0.032, 0.055 | - | 0.598 | |
| Model 2 | 0.020 (0.022) | −0.024, 0.064 | - | 0.073 | |
| TG (mg/dL) | Crude | 0.003 (0.032) | −0.060, 0.067 | 0.916 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.031 (0.042) | −0.052, 0.115 | - | 0.456 | |
| Model 2 | 0.041 (0.043) | −0.044, 0.126 | - | 0.344 | |
| HDL (mg/dL) |
Crude | −0.005 (0.006) | −0.016, 0.006 | 0.391 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.004 (0.007) | −0.017, 0.010 | - | 0.588 | |
| Model 2 | −0.002 (0.007) | −0.016, 0.011 | - | 0.720 | |
| LDL (mg/dL) |
Crude | −0.010 (0.013) | −0.036, 0.015 | 0.433 | - |
| Model 1 | −6.043 (0.015) | −0.030, 0.030 | - | 0.997 | |
| Model 2 | 0.007 (0.016) | −0.024, 0.038 | - | 0.662 | |
| GOT (mg/dL) | Crude | −0.004 (0.004) | −0.012, 0.0003 | 0.274 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.007 (0.005) | −0.017, 0.003 | - | 0.167 | |
| Model 2 | −0.006 (0.005) | −0.017, 0.004 | - | 0.245 | |
| GPT (mg/dL) | Crude | −0.006 (0.007) | −0.020, 0.008 | 0.391 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.016 (0.009) | −0.034, 0.003 | - | 0.097 | |
| Model 2 | −0.015 (0.010) | −0.034, 0.004 | - | 0.117 | |
| PAI-1 (mg/dL) | Crude | −0.019 (0.022) | −0.063, 0.025 | 0.401 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.012 (0.033) | −0.077, 0.053 | - | 0.705 | |
| Model 2 | −0.005 (0.033) | −0.071, 0.061 | - | 0.883 | |
| MCP1 (mg/dL) | Crude | −0.047 (0.052) | −0. 15, 0.055 | 0.363 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.041 (0.072) | −0.184, 0.102 | - | 0.570 | |
| Model 2 | −0.039 (0.073) | −0.184, 0.107 | - | ||
| TGF (mg/dL) | Crude | 0.034 (0.036) | −0.038, 0.106 | 0.106 | |
| Model 1 | 0.092 (0.038) | 0.016, 0.167 | - | 0.018 | |
| Model 2 | 0.101 (0.040) | 0.023, 0.180 | - | 0.012 | |
| IL-1 β (mg/dL) | Crude | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.003 | 0.250 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.002, 0.003 | - | 0.596 | |
| Model2 | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.003 | - | 0.060 | |
| AIP (mg/dL) | Crude | 2.472 (0.001) | 0.001, 0.01 | 0.853 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.001, 0.001 | - | 0.482 | |
| Model2 | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.011 | - | 0.072 | |
| CRI-I | Crude | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.002 | 0.476 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.002 | - | 0.277 | |
| Model2 | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.002 | - | 0.064 | |
| CRI-II | Crude | −3.679 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.001 | 0.907 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.001 | - | 0.574 | |
| Model2 | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.001, 0.001 | - | 0.431 | |
| AC | Crude | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.002 | 0.476 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.002 | - | 0.277 | |
| Model2 | 0.011 (0.001) | 0.001, 0.032 | - | 0.034 | |
| CHOlIndex | Crude | −0.005 (0.012) | −0.029, 0.019 | 0.688 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.004 (0.015) | −0.026, 0.033 | - | 0.811 | |
| Model2 | 0.009 (0.015) | −0.021, 0.040 | - | 0.547 | |
| TyG | Crude | −6.963 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.001 | 0.794 | - |
| Model 1 | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.001, 0.001 | - | 0.610 | |
| Model2 | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.001, 0.001 | - | 0.501 | |
| TyG-BMI | Crude | 0.010 (0.023) | −0.035, 0.055 | 0.648 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.012 (0.028) | −0.67, 0.044 | - | 0.685 | |
| Model 2 | −0.003 (0.029) | −0.060, 0.054 | - | 0.917 | |
| TyG-WC | Crude | 0.061 (0.105) | −0.146, 0.267 | 0.563 | - |
| Model 1 | −0.056 (0.177) | −0.408, 0.296 | - | 0.752 | |
| Model 2 | 0.048 (0.188) | −0.324, 0.421 | - | 0.797 | |
AC, atherogenic coefficient; BFM, body fat mass; BF, body fat; FFM, fat-free mass; FMI, fat mass index; FFMI, fat-free mass index; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBS, fasting blood sugar; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; GPT, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; GOT, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor- 1, SD standard deviation; hs-CRP, high sensitive- C reactive protein; TF, trunk Fat; VFA, visceral fat area; VFL, visceral fat level; TC, total cholesterol; AIP, Atherogenic index of plasma; TyG, Triglyceride-glucose; TGF, Transforming growth factor; CRI: Cardiac risk index.
Model 1: Adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, total energy intake, supplements intake, and job status (BMI considered as a collinear variable).
Model 2: In addition controlled for the role of vegetables and legumes.
*A P-value obtained from adjustment. All of the p-values obtained from the analysis of the linear regression.
A P < 0.05 was considered significant and p-values equal to 0.05, 0.06, and 0.07 were considered marginally significant.