TABLE 1.

miRNAs expression change for the development of neuropathic pain

Mechanism	miRNA	Target	Tissue	Model
Neuroinflammation	miR‐101 ↓	NF‐κB ↑	Serum and sural nerve	NP patients 39
	miR‐124, −155 ↑	SIRT1 ↓	Serum	NP patients 40
	miR‐7a ↓	NEFL/STAT3 ↑	DRG	SNL rats 41
	miR‐590‐3p ↓	RAP1A ↑	DRG	Diabetic NP mice 42
	miR‐140 ↓	S1PR1 ↑	DRG	CCI rats 43
	miR‐144 ↓	RASA1 ↑	DRG	CCI mice 44
	miR‐130a‐3p ↓	IGF‐1/IGF‐1R ↑	Spinal cord	SCI rats 45
	miR‐378 ↓	EZH2 ↑	Spinal cord	CCI rats 46
	miR‐138 ↓	TLR4/MIP‐1α/CCR1 ↑	Spinal cord	pSNL rats 47
	miR‐15a/16 ↑	GRK2 ↓ and p38 MAPK/NF‐κB ↑	Spinal cord	CCI mice 48
	miR‐124 ↓	GRK2 ↓	Spinal cord microglia	SNI mice 49
	miR‐214‐3p ↓	DNMT3a/CSF1/IL‐6 ↑	Spinal cord astrocytes	SNL rats 50
	miR‐214 ↓	Nav1.3/Bax ↑	Spinal cord	SCI rats 51
	miR‐128 ↓	p38 ↑	Spinal cord	SCI rats 52
	miR‐128‐3p ↓	ZEB1 ↑	Spinal cord	CCI rats 53
	miR‐200b, −429 ↓	ZEB1 ↑	Spinal cord	CCI rats 54
	miR‐23a ↓	CXCR4/TXNIP/NLRP3 ↑	Spinal cord	pSNL mice 55
	miR‐155 ↓	NOX2/ROS ↑	Spinal cord microglia/macrophages	SCI mice 56
		TNFR1/p38‐MAPK/JNK/TRPA1 ↑	Spinal cord dorsal horn	Chemotherapy induced NP rats 58
	miR‐155 ↑	SOCS1 ↓ and NF‐κB/p38 MAPK ↑	Spinal cord	CCI rats 61
		Oxidative stress–TRPA1 pathway ↑	Spinal cord	Chemotherapy induced NP rats 62
Autophagy	miR‐15a ↓	AKT3 ↑	Spinal cord microglia	CCI rats 63
	miR‐145 ↓	AKT3 ↑	DRG	CCI rats 64
	miR‐20b‐5p ↓	AKT3 ↑	Dorsal spinal cord	CCI rats 65
	miR‐195 ↑	ATG14 ↓	Spinal cord microglia	SNL rats 66
Ion channel expression	miR‐7a ↓	β2 subunit of Scn2b ↑	DRG	SNL and CCI rats 67
miR‐30b ↓	Scn3a (encoding Nav1.3) ↑	DRG and spinal cord	SNL rats 68
miR‐96 ↓	Scn3a (encoding Nav1.3) ↑	DRG	CCI rats 69
miR‐384‐5p ↓	Scn3a (encoding Nav1.3) ↑	DRG and spinal cord	CCI rats 70
miR‐30b‐5p ↓	Scn8a (encoding Nav1.6) ↑	DRG	Chemotherapy induced NP rats 71
miR‐182 ↓	Scn9a (encoding Nav1.7) ↑	DRG	SNI rats 72
miR‐30b ↓	Scn9a (encoding Nav1.7) ↑	DRG	SNI rats 73
miR‐17‐92 cluster ↑	Kv1.1, Kv1.4, Kv3.4, Kv4.3, Kv7.5, DPP10, Navβ1 ↓	DRG	SNL rats 74
miR‐137 ↑	Kcna2 (encoding Kv1.2) ↓	DRG and spinal dorsal horn	CCI rats 75
miR‐183‐5p ↓	TREK‐1 ↑	DRG	CCI rats 76
miR‐183 cluster ↓	Cacna2d1/Cacna2d2 ↑	DRG	SNL mice 77
miR‐103 ↓	Cacna1c/Cacna2d1/Cacnb1 ↑	Spinal dorsal horn	SNL rats 78
miR‐141‐5p ↓	TRPA1 ↑	DRG	Chemotherapy induced NP rats 80
miR‐449a ↓	TRPA1/KCNMA1 ↑	DRG	SNI mice 81
Dysregulation of pain‐related mediators, protein kinases, and structural proteins	miR‐455‐3p ↑	NGF and related genes ↓	Serum	HIV/AIDS patients with symptomatic distal sensory polyneuropathy and NP 82
	miR‐1 ↓	BDNF ↑	Sciatic nerve	CCI rats 83
	miR‐183 ↓	BDNF ↑	DRG	SNL rats 84
	miR‐206 ↓	BDNF ↑	DRG	CCI rats 85
	miR‐19a, −301, −132 ↓	MeCP2/BDNF ↑	DRG	SNI mice 86
	miR‐30c‐5p ↑	TGF‐β ↓	Serum, CSF, DRG, and spinal cord	SNI rats 16
	miR‐133a‐3p ↑	p‐p38 MAPK ↑	Sciatic nerve	DNP rats 87
	miR‐132 ↓	MeCP2/p‐CREB ↑	Spinal cord	SNI mice 88
	miR‐200b, −429 ↓	DNMT3a ↑	Nucleus accumbens neurons	SNL mice 89
	miR‐1 ↓	Cx43 ↑	Sciatic nerve	CCI rats 83
	miR‐15b ↑	BACE1 ↓	DRG	Chemotherapy induced NP rats 94
Excitatory‐inhibitory imbalance	miR‐500 ↑	GAD67 ↓	Spinal cord dorsal horn	Chemotherapy induced NP or L5 VTR 95
	miR‐23b ↓	Nox4 ↑ and GAD65/67 ↓	Spinal cord	SCI mice 96
	miR‐539 ↓	NR2B ↑	Contralateral ACC	CCI rats 97
EV miRNA‐mediated neuron–glia communication	miR‐21 ↑	Phagocyted by macrophages to promote a pro‐inflammatory phenotype	Serum exosomes	pSNL mice 98
	miR‐21‐5p ↑	Phagocyted by macrophages to promote a pro‐inflammatory phenotype	DRG exosomes	SNI mice 99
	miR‐23a ↑	Phagocyted by macrophages to target A20 and enhance MI polarization	DRG EVs	SNI mice 102

Abbreviations: ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; BACE1, beta‐site amyloid precursor protein‐cleaving enzyme 1; BDNF, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor; CCI, chronic constriction injury; CCR1, C–C chemokine receptor 1; CSF, cerebro spinal fluid; CSF1, colony‐stimulating factor‐1; CXCR4, chemokine CXC receptor 4; DNMT3a, DNA methyltransferase 3a; DNP, diabetic neuropathic pain; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; EV, extracellular vesicle; EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2; GRK2, G protein‐coupled receptor kinases 2; IGF‐1/IGF‐1R, insulin‐like growth factor‐1/insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor; KCNMA1, calcium‐activated potassium channel subunit α‐1; MeCP2, methyl cytosine–guanine dinucleotide (CpG)‐binding protein 2; MIP‐1a, macrophage inflammatory protein‐1 alpha; NEFL, neurofilament light polypeptide; NF‐κB, nuclear factor – kappa B; NGF, nerve growth factor; NLRP3, NOD‐like receptor protein 3; NOX2, NADPH oxidase 2; NP, neuropathic pain; pSNL, partial sciatic nerve ligation; RAP1A, Ras‐related protein 1A; RASA1, RAS P21 protein activator 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species; S1PR1, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 1; SCI, spinal cord injury; Scn2b, β2 subunit of the voltage‐gated sodium channel; SIRT1, histone deacetylase sirtuin 1; SNL, spinal nerve ligation; SOCS1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TLR4, toll‐like receptor 4; TNFR1, TNF receptor 1; TRPA1, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1; TXNIP, thioredoxin‐interacting protein; VTR, ventral root transection; ZEB1, zinc finger E‐box binding homeobox 1.