Table 1. Descriptive Statistics Prior to Opening of Casino.
| Characteristic | No. (%)a | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non–American Indianb | American Indianb | ||
| Age cohort group | |||
| Youngest (age 9 y) | 378 (36.4) | 110 (34.2) | .95 |
| Middle (age 11 y) | 356 (34.9) | 117 (36.7) | |
| Oldest (age 13 y) | 296 (28.7) | 92 (29.1) | |
| Number of American Indian parents | |||
| 2 | 0 | 185 (58.8) | <.001 |
| 1 | 6 (0.4) | 119 (36.7) | |
| 0 | 1024 (99.6) | 15 (4.5) | |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 424 (49.7) | 157 (49.1) | .96 |
| Male | 522 (50.2) | 163 (50.9) | |
| Childhood risk factors | |||
| Low socioeconomic status | 344 (25.9) | 171 (54.3) | <.001 |
| Family instability | 227 (17.4) | 98 (30.7) | .02 |
| Low birth weight (<2500 g) | 63 (7.0) | 13 (4.5) | .53 |
| Income level, mean (SD)c | 6.24 (3.64) | 3.70 (2.82) | <.001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)d | 20.73 (4.47) | 24.83 (7.63) | <.001 |
| Childhood symptoms, mean (SD)e | |||
| Depression | 0.78 (0.68) | 0.65 (0.62) | .002 |
| Anxiety | 0.98 (1.27) | 0.89 (1.17) | .29 |
| Oppositional disorder | 0.67 (0.86) | 0.66 (0.98) | .55 |
| Conduct disorder | 0.35 (0.62) | 0.46 (0.71) | .02 |
a
Numbers are unweighted, and percentages and means are weighted.
b
Race and ethnicity were assessed via parent report and included African American, American Indian, Asian, Hispanic, White, and other race.
c
Income levels were coded as follows: 0 indicates no income; 1, $1 to $5000; 2, $5001 to $10 000; 3, $10 001 to $15 000; 4, $15 001 to $20 000; 5, $20 001 to $25 000; 6, $25 001 to $30 000; 7, $30 001 to $35 000; 8, $35 001 to $40 000; 9, $40 001 to $45 000; 10, $45 001 to $50 000; 11, $50 001 to $55 000; 12, $55 001 to $60 000; and 13, more than $60 000.
d
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
e
Childhood symptoms were coded as total symptom counts for each diagnostic category.