Figure 4. Estimated Increase in Dollar Amount of Medical Debt in Collections by Type of Chronic Condition Among Individuals With Nonzero Medical Debt in Collections.

Each bar reports the marginal increase in predicted medical debt in collections (in dollars) for each chronic condition relative to not having that condition for individuals with any medical debt in collections. Results are from 2-part exponential hurdle models (1 for each chronic conditions); additional covariates for all models include sex and age-band fixed effects. Standard errors are robust. All point estimates are significantly different from the reference category of not having each chronic condition (P < .001). Error bars indicate the 95% CI for each estimate. CHF indicates congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.