Table 1.
Demographics and cognitive scores in different urine D-ribose levels
| Whole sample | 1st quarter | 2nd quarter | 3rd quarter | 4th quarter | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1725) | (n = 431) | (n = 431) | (n = 432) | (n = 431) | ||
| Urine D-ribose (μmol/L)a | 38.10 (22.52–64.96) | 15.09 (11.21–19.09) | 29.14 (25.59–33.42) | 48.87 (42.97–55.65) | 93.76 (74.84–124.22) | < 0.001 |
| Age | 69.40 ± 5.87 | 70.36 ± 5.90 | 69.56 ± 5.76 | 69.09 ± 5.96 | 68.60 ± 5.73 | < 0.001 |
| Education years | 10.11 ± 3.49 | 10.30 ± 3.41 | 10.16 ± 3.28 | 10.15 ± 3.67 | 9.84 ± 3.56 | 0.26 |
| Femaleb | 67.1% | 75.6% | 68.4% | 69.2% | 55.0% | < 0.001 |
| MMSEc | 27.31 ± 2.68 | 27.66 ± 2.50 | 27.22 ± 2.65 | 27.22 ± 2.81 | 27.12 ± 2.75 | 0.015 |
| PALTc | 7.37 ± 4.06 | 7.65 ± 4.23 | 7.25 ± 3.96 | 7.23 ± 4.08 | 7.34 ± 3.98 | 0.42 |
| Digit Span Backwardc | 4.48 ± 1.49 | 4.58 ± 1.53 | 4.46 ± 1.48 | 4.52 ± 1.56 | 4.36 ± 1.37 | 0.19 |
| Verbal Fluencyc | 19.33 ± 5.39 | 20.22 ± 5.48 | 19.38 ± 5.56 | 19.39 ± 5.40 | 18.33 ± 4.93 | < 0.001 |
| Digit Symbolc | 29.73 ± 11.74 | 30.07 ± 11.72 | 29.60 ± 12.92 | 30.44 ± 11.41 | 28.81 ± 10.81 | 0.2 |
| AD8 | 1.83 ± 1.75 | 1.85 ± 1.69 | 1.80 ± 1.69 | 1.87 ± 1.86 | 1.80 ± 1.74 | 0.91 |
| CES-D | 6.81 ± 8.23 | 7.58 ± 8.46 | 6.56 ± 7.61 | 7.19 ± 8.78 | 5.89 ± 7.97 | 0.001 |
| Current smokingb | 10.3% | 5.6% | 10.0% | 8.8% | 16.7% | < 0.001 |
| Current drinkingb | 12.7% | 7.2% | 11.4% | 12.0% | 20.2% | < 0.001 |
| Physically inactiveb | 12.7% | 7.2% | 11.4% | 12.0% | 20.2% | 0.001 |
| Hypertensionb | 56.2% | 59.2% | 55.2% | 53.0% | 57.3% | 0.3 |
| Heart diseaseb | 31.7% | 33.6% | 34.3% | 29.9% | 29.0% | 0.24 |
| Diabetesb | 28.9% | 29.5% | 27.6% | 26.6% | 32.0% | 0.32 |
| Hyperlipidemiab | 40.6% | 43.4% | 38.1% | 39.8% | 41.3% | 0.43 |
| Strokeb | 10.7% | 10.4% | 10.0% | 10.9% | 11.4% | 0.92 |
| Medication for hypertensionb | 52.8% | 56.1% | 52.0% | 50.7% | 52.4% | 0.42 |
| Medication for diabetesb | 26.4% | 25.8% | 25.8% | 23.8% | 30.2% | 0.19 |
| Medication for hyperlipidemiab | 30.0% | 32.3% | 28.5% | 30.1% | 29.2% | 0.66 |
Data was shown as mean ± SD and analyzed using ANOVA except where noted
MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, PALT Paired Associative Learning Test, CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
aData was shown as median (interquartile range) and analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis Test
bData was shown as percentage and analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U Test
cThe significance level was set at 0.01 to control family-wise error rate (Bonferroni correction)