Table 4.

Suportive treatment received while in ICU and clinical outcomes.

Variable	Overall (N = 215)	Discharged from ICU (N = 119)	Died in iCU (N = 96)	P-value
Non-invasive strategies prior to IMV
NIV	115 (53.5)	69 (58.0)	46 (47.9)	0.182
HFNC	75 (34.9)	38 (31.9)	37 (38.5)	0.386
Prone positioning	69 (32.1)	36 (30.3)	33 (34.4)	0.619
Neuromuscular blockade	158 (73.5)	88 (73.9)	70 (72.9)	0.988
Nitric oxide	6 (2.8)	2 (1.7)	4 (4.2)	0.016
ECMO	7 (3.3)	2 (1.7)	5 (5.2)	0.010
Worst parameters within 48 hours post-IMV
PEEP	12 [10; 14]	12 [10; 14]	12 [10; 14]	0.852
P/F ratio	126 [93.5; 162]	140 [104; 174]	110 [87; 138]	<0.001
Renal replacement therapy	71 (33)	17 (14.3)	54 (56.2)	<0.001
Vasopressor use	206 (95.8)	113 (95.0)	93 (96.9)	0.722
Pharmacological treatment
Tocilizumab	31 (14.4)	25 (21)	6 (6.3)	0.004
Corticosteroid	109 (50.7)	64 (53.8)	45 (46.9)	0.384
Hydroxycloroquine	71 (33)	46 (38.7)	25 (26)	0.070
Tracheostomy	39 (18.1)	20 (16.8)	19 (19.8)	0.699
Reintubation	22 (10.2)	10 (8.4)	12 (12.5)	0.448
Barotrauma	18 (8.4)	4 (3.4)	14 (14.6)	0.007
Duration of NIV before IMV, days	1 [1.0; 3.0]	2 [1.0; 3.0]	2 [1.0; 3.0]	0.861
Duration of HFNC before IMV, days	1 [1.0; 2.0]	1 [1.0; 3.0]	1 [1.0; 2.0]	0.677
Duration of IMV, days	10 [7; 18]	10 [7; 16]	11 [6; 19]	0.876
ICU length of stay, days	15 [10; 24]	17 [11.5; 25.5]	13 [7; 21.2]	0.002
Hospital length of stay, days	21 [15; 30]	27 [19.5; 39.5]	14.5 [7; 22.2]	<0.001
Days from hospital admission to intubation	3 [1.0; 5.0]	4 [1.0; 5.5]	3 [1.0; 5.0]	0.111
Days from symptom onset to intubation	9 [7 – 12]	10 [8.0 – 12.5]	8.5 [6 – 12]	0.005
Ventilator-free days	9 [3; 16]	15 [11; 23.5]	2 [0; 4.0]	<0.001

ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HFNC: High-flow nasal cannula; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; IMV: mechanical ventilation; NIV: Non-invasive ventilation; PEEP: Positive end-expiratory pressure; P/F ratio: PaO2/FiO2 ratio.