Table 2.

Systems Components Used Within the Integrated Models.

Model	Service entry point	Integrated service(s)	Human resources required	Systems and tools used across the models
OUD Service Integration	Outpatient OUD treatment	• PrEP • HIV, HCV testing, and referral • On-site HIV services • Directly observed • ART • HIV case management • Counseling for people with HIV and OUD	• Clinicians • Care coordinators • Trained facilitators to deliver PrEP adherence intervention • SU counselors • Psychologists • Psychiatrists • Medical and social case managers	• Referral systems and tools for HIV care and treatment, PrEP, and psychosocial services • Case conferencing and other communication mechanisms between OUD and HIV systems • Integrated policies • Adapted assessment tools to include HIV components • Adapted quality of care tools to include HIV • HIV risk assessment tools for use in SU settings • PrEP screening forms and adherence assessments • HIV testing systems and supplies • Protocols for case management and outreach • HIV intake and re-testing and reporting protocols
	SSP	• HIV, HCV testing (and referral)	• Case managers, medical director, medical students, and residents
	Inpatient detox program	• Health messages on addiction and HIV, HCV care	• No information provided
	MAT prison program	• PrEP	• Counselors
HIV Service Integration	HIV care and treatment programs (RWHAP clinics, federal health centers, primary care clinics)	• SU screen with referral • Referral to MAT • On-site and referral to SU counseling • Health messages for youth using health information technology	• HIV primary care clinicians (including physicians and nurse practitioners) • Infectious disease specialists • Medical and social case managers • Psychiatrists • Psychologists • SU • Clinicians who have buprenorphine waiver • Pharmacists • Health educators	• Separate space within HIV clinics that provides privacy for SU counseling • OUD screening tools • Internal referral systems for on-site counseling • External referral system for off-site counseling and OUD treatment services • Case conferences to facilitate coordination between OUD and HIV systems • Integrated policies • Appointment reminders, outreach to clients who miss appointments • Clinical intake, monitoring, and reporting tools to track OUD interventions

Note. OUD = opioid use disorder; PrEP = pre-exposure prophylaxis; HCV = hepatitis C virus; ART = antiretroviral treatment; MAT = medications for addiction treatment; RWHAP = Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program; SSP = syringe service program; SU = substance use.