Table 1.
Comparing the demographics, initial symptoms, comorbidities, types of treatment, lab data, and outcome between patients with lactate dehydrogenase to albumin ratio (LAR) < 101.46 (group 1), 101.46 ≤ LAR < 148.78 (group 2), and LAR ≥ 148.78 (group 3)
| Variables |
Total
(n=477) |
Group1 (n=158) |
Group 2
(n=159) |
Group 3
(n=160) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 58.56(17.52) | 56.21(18.67) | 57.45(16.8) | 61.98(16.61) | 0.008 |
| Male sex | 263 (55.1) | 78 (49.4) | 84 (52.8) | 101 (63.1) | 0.037 |
| Initial symptoms | |||||
| Cough | 314 (65.8) | 106 (67.1) | 112 (70.4) | 96 (60) | 0.133 |
| Fever | 248 (52) | 77 (48.7) | 82 (51.6) | 89 (55.6) | 0.466 |
| Myalgia | 160 (33.5) | 54 (34.2) | 56 (35.2) | 50 (31.3) | 0.738 |
| Chills | 142 (29.8) | 44 (27.8) | 50 (31.4) | 48 (30) | 0.780 |
| Nausea | 80 (16.8) | 35 (22.2) | 22 (13.8) | 23 (14.4) | 0.086 |
| Anorexia | 66 (13.8) | 16 (10.1) | 22 (13.8) | 28 (17.8) | 0.163 |
| Vomiting | 36 (7.5) | 12 (7.6) | 10 (6.3) | 14 (8.8) | 0.707 |
| Diarrhea | 30 (6.3) | 12 (7.6) | 10 (6.3) | 8 (5) | 0.635 |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| Hypertension | 166 (34.8) | 50 (31.6) | 50 (31.4) | 66 (41.3) | 0.110 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 146 (30.6) | 43 (27.2) | 45 (28.3) | 58 (36.3) | 0.161 |
| Chronic heart disease | 86 (18) | 25 (15.8) | 27 (17) | 34 (21.3) | 0.414 |
| History of stroke | 42 (8.8) | 13 (8.2) | 11 (6.9) | 18 (11.3) | 0.375 |
| Hyper/Hypothyroidism | 18 (3.8) | 3 (1.9) | 5 (3.1) | 4 (2.5) | 0.037 |
| COPD | 13 (2.7) | 6 (3.8) | 4 (2.5) | 3 (1.9) | 0.563 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 12 (2.5) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (1.3) | 9 (5.6) | 0.008 |
| Rheumatoid disease | 9 (1.9) | 1 (0.6) | 5 (3.1) | 3 (1.9) | 0.259 |
| Cancer | 3 (0.6) | 0 | 0 | 3 (1.9) | 0.050 |
| Treatments | |||||
| NSAIDs | 302 (63.3) | 102 (64.6) | 105 (66) | 95 (59.4) | 0.431 |
| IV Antibiotics | 228 (47.8) | 57 (36.1) | 72 (45.3) | 99 (61.9) | <0.0001 |
| Oral antiviral | 171 (35.8) | 32 (20.3) | 57 (35.8) | 82 (51.3) | <0.0001 |
| IV Corticosteroids | 109 (22.9) | 20 (12.7) | 32 (20.1) | 57 (35.6) | <0.0001 |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| WBC (109/L) | 7.54 ±5.57 | 7.22±3.69 | 6.36 ± 3.41 | 9.04 ± 8.00 | <0.0001 |
| Neutrophil (percentage) | 74.39± 11.36 | 70.01 ± 10.25 | 73.77± 10.74 | 79.33± 11.14 | <0.0001 |
| Lymphocyte (percentage) | 20.27± 10.69 | 24.47± 10.01 | 20.94± 10.80 | 15.45± 9.25 | <0.0001 |
| NLR | 5.61± 5.15 | 4.03± 3.73 | 4.91± 4.05 | 7.86± 6.43 | <0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.42± 10.35 | 13.11 ± 1.78 | 14.57± 17.71 | 12.59± 1.91 | 0.210 |
| Platelet Count (109/L) | 211.90±92.57 | 218.21±96.47 | 200.34± 84.91 | 217.16± 95.39 | 0.155 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 47.82± 48.82 | 22.97± 25.07 | 54.64± 70.24 | 65.60± 25.20 | <0.0001 |
| ESR (mm/hour) | 56.68± 29.78 | 43.34± 25.54 | 58.61± 29.13 | 67.94± 29.31 | <0.0001 |
| Blood Sugar (mg/dL) | 151.44±80.57 | 138.24± 61.24 | 160.51±91.91 | 155.47±84.05 | 0.036 |
| Oxygen Saturation (%) | 90.38±7.21 | 91.86± 5.83 | 91.48± 4.89 | 87.82± 9.37 | <0.0001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 44.63± 29.01 | 36.55± 19.98 | 41.10± 21.61 | 56.11± 38.09 | <0.0001 |
| Serum Creatinine mg/dL) | 1.26±0.68 | 1.10 ± 0.35 | 1.19± 0.62 | 1.48± 0.89 | <0.0001 |
| LDH (unit/L) | 583.07±283.61 | 371.33± 62.85 | 515.33± 74.37 | 859.47±324.64 | <0.0001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.22±0.56 | 4.60±0.36 | 4.27±0.46 | 3.80±0.56 | <0.0001 |
| Outcome | |||||
| Mortality | 100 (21) | 13 (8.2) | 19 (11.9) | 68 (42.5) | <0.0001 |
| ICU admission | 121 (25.4) | 15 (9.5) | 28 (17.6) | 78 (48.8) | <0.0001 |
| Hospital stay (day) | 6 (6) | 6 (5) | 6 (6) | 8 (10) | <0.0001 |
All data are reported as frequency (%), except for age and laboratory results, which are reported as mean ± standard deviation, and hospital stay, which is reported as median (IQR). COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; IV: intravenous; WBC: White Blood Cell count; CRP: C-Reactive Protein; ESR: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; NLR: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; ICU: intensive care unit.