Skip to main content
. 2022 Apr 8;3:830166. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2022.830166

Table 1.

Summary of all reviewed studies, categorized by intervention type.

Disease entity References Sample size Intervention Anatomical location Proprioceptive measures Motor measures PEDro
Active movement/balance training
ACL injury Büyükturan et al. (12) n1 = 29
n2 = 29		 Multi-joint movement Whole body Active JPSE International Knee Documentation Committee Questionnaire, Isokinetic knee ext/flex strength, Lysholm Knee Score 6
Ordahan et al. (13) n1 = 20
n2 = 16		 Multi-joint movement Whole body Passive JPSE Lysholm Knee Score, Tegener Activity Score 4
Peultier-Celli et al. (14) n1 = 32
n2 = 35		 Multi-joint movement Knee Active JPSE 6 Minute Walk Test, CoP displacement, International Knee Documentation Committee Questionnaire, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcomce Score, Lysholm Knee Score, muscle strength, Tegener Activity Score 7
Zult et al. (15) n1 = 22
n2 = 21		 Multi-joint movement Whole body JPSE Knee ext muscle strength, single leg balance time 5
Wang (16) n = 10 Single-joint movement Lower extremity Active JPSE Knee ext muscle strength 3
Ankle sprain Lazarou et al. (17) n1 = 10
n2 = 10		 Balance training Whole body Active JPSE Ankle inversion/eversion and dorsiflexion/plantarflexion strength 7
Cerebral Palsy El Shemy (18) n1 = 15
n2 = 15		 Multi-joint movement Whole body Active JPSE Modified TUG, Pediatric Balance Scale 7
El-Gohary et al. (19) n1 = 24
n2 = 24		 Balance training Whole body Passive JPSE Gross Motor Function Measure-88, Pediatric Balance Scale 4
Chronic ankle instability Lee et al. (20) n1 = 15
n2 = 15		 Multi-joint movement Lower extremity Active JPSE Cumberland ankle instability tool, SI 7
Lee et al. (21) n1 = 21
n2 = 20		 Multi-joint movement Whole body Active JPSE Functional Limitation Assessment Motor Functions, Motor Limitation Assessment of Dynamic Balancing Ability, Sensory Limitation Assessment of Static Balancing Ability 2
Hanci et al. (22) n = 13 Single-joint movement Lower leg Active/Passive JPSE, Joint position sense detection threshold Ankle eversion/dorsiflexion strength N/A
Deaf Zarei and Norasteh (23) n1 = 10
n2 = 10		 Balance training Whole body Active JPSE Single leg stance 6
Diabetes II Cavegn and Riskowski (24) n = 8 Multi-joint movement Whole body Active JPSE CoP displacement and sway area, Senior Fitness Test N/A
Healthy adults Alikhani et al. (25) n1 = 12
n2 = 10		 Multi-joint movement Whole body Active JPSE Lower Quadrant YBT 6
El-Gohary et al. (26) n1 = 30
n2 = 30		 Balance training Lower extremity Active JPSE SI 6
Hu et al. (27) n = 12 Single-joint movement Forearm Active JPSE Writing time evaluation 4
Kalaycioglu et al. (28) n = 24 Multi-joint movement Whole body Active JPSE Hip flex/ext muscle strength, Tracking Trajectory Test, Sit-and-reach Test, Vertical Jump Test N/A
Lin and Karduna (29) n1 = 18
n2 = 18		 Single-joint movement Shoulder Active JPSE Shoulder girdle muscle strength 5
Lopes et al. (28) n1 = 37
n2 = 34		 Multi-joint movement Whole body Active JPSE CoP displacement, YBT 4
Minshull et al. (30) n1 = 9
n2 = 9		 Single-joint movement Lower extremity Active JPSE, Force reproduction error Knee flex muscle strength, passive ROM hip 4
Park et al. (31) n1 = 21
n2 = 21		 Multi-joint movement Knee JPSE ROM and stability knee 5
Peer and Gleeson (32) n1 = 12
n2 = 11		 Balance training Whole body JPSE, Force reproduction error Knee flex muscle strength 4
Pérez-Silvestre et al. (33) n1 = 17
n2 = 17		 Multi-joint movement Whole body Active JPSE Counter-movement jump 8
Sohn and Kim (34) n = 18 Balance training and multi-joint movement Lower extremity Passive JPSE Center of gravity velocity, CoP displacement and sway area, ground reaction forces, Knee and ankle flex/ext muscle strength, sliding heel velocity, slip distance 5
Walsh (35) n = 10 Single-joint movement Lower extremity Active JPSE Knee flex/ext muscle strength 6
Winter et al. (36) n1 = 14
n2 = 14		 Balance training and multi-joint movement Lower leg Joint position sense detection threshold CoP displacement, SI 3
Healthy elderly adults Chittrakul et al. (37) n1 = 36
n2 = 36		 Balance training and multi-joint movement Whole body JPSE CoP displacement, knee ext muscle strength 8
Lee et al. (38) n1 = 313
n2 = 303		 Multi-joint movement Whole body Active JPSE CoP displacement, knee flex/ext muscle strength, reaction time, TUG 6
Merom et al. (39) n1 = 279
n2 = 251		 Multi-joint movement Whole body Active JPSE Physical Performance Assessment, Trail Making Tests 4
Zheng et al. (40) n1 = 50
n2 = 50		 Balance training Whole body Passive JPSE BBS, CoP displacement and sway area 8
Wooten et al. (41) n1 = 15
n2 = 15		 Multi-joint movement Whole body Passive JPSE, Joint position sense detection threshold Balance Error Scoring System, dynamic motion analysis score, Tinetti gait and balance assessment, leg press peak power 3
Hypermobility syndrome Liaghat et al. (42) n = 12 Single-joint movement Shoulder Active JPSE ROM, Shoulder joint mobility and laxity tests, scaption and IR/ER muscle strength N/A
Daman et al. (43) n1 = 12
n2 = 12		 Multi-joint movement Whole body Active JPSE 36-Item Short Form Health Survey – Physical functioning 5
Infraspinatus muscle atrophy Salles et al. (44) n1 = 18
n2 = 18		 Single-joint movement Shoulder Active JPSE, Joint position sense detection threshold Shoulder ER muscle strength 2
Knee Osteoarthritis Gezginaslan et al. (45) n = 39 Multi-joint movement Lower extremity Active JPSE 6 Meter Walk Test, BBS, Five-minute sit-to-stand Test, knee flex/ext muscle strength, ROM, TUG, WOMAC N/A
Knoop et al. (46) n = 159 Multi-joint movement Whole body Joint position sense detection threshold Knee flex/ext muscle strength, WOMAC 8
Kumar, Kumar, and Kumar (47) n = 44 Multi-joint movement Lower extremity Active JPSE WOMAC 7
Multiple Sclerosis Moghadasi et al. (48) n1 = 19
n2 = 15		 Multi-joint movement Whole body Active JPSE TUG, 10 Meter Walk Test, 2 Minute Walk Test, 5-time sit-to-stand, knee flex/ext muscle strength 4
Neck pain Shiravi et al. (49) n = 135 Multi-joint movement Upper body Active JPSE Scapular upward rotation muscle strength 7
Parkinson's Disease Daneshvar et al. (50) n1 = 10
n2 = 10		 Multi-joint movement Whole body JPSE Muscle strength, peak muscle torque, ROM knee 7
Elangovan et al. (4) n1 = 13
n2 = 13		 Single-joint movement Wrist Joint position sense detection threshold Cumulative spatial error, handwriting task, line tracing task 3
Peterka et al. (51) n1 = 30
n2 = 15		 Multi-joint movement Whole body JPSE Handwriting speed, Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-III, Nine-hole peg test, Spiral drawing 2
Stroke Herrnstadt et al. (52) n = 8 Multi-joint movement Upper extremity Active JPSE Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Wolf Motor Function Test N/A
Ingemanson et al. (53) n = 30 Single-joint movement Finger Passive JPSE Action Arm Research Test, Box and Blocks Test, Finger Tapping Test, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Nine-hole peg Test N/A
Subacromial impingement syndrome, tennis elbow Babaei-Mobarakeh et al. (54) n1 = 15
n2 = 15		 Multi-joint movement Shoulder and wrist Active JPSE Shoulder, grip and wrist strength; Upper Quarter YBT 7
Dilek et al. (55) n1 = 31
n2 = 30		 Single-joint movement Shoulder Joint position sense detection threshold, Active/ Passive JPSE American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Score, shoulder ABD/ER muscle strength, ROM 8
Boarati et al. (56) n1 = 50
n2 = 50		 Single-joint movement Shoulder Active JPSE Shoulder ABD strength 4
Total knee or hip replacement Eymir et al. (57) n1 = 58
n2 = 55		 Single-joint movement Knee Active JPSE 10 Meter Walk Test, Iowa Ambulation Velocity Scale, TUG 4
Moutzouri et al. (58) n1 = 26
n2 = 25		 Multi-joint movement Lower extremity Active JPSE Knee Outcome Survey Activities of Daily Living Scale, TUG, single leg stance 7
Pohl et al. (59) n = 58 Balance training Whole body Active JPSE CoP displacement, Lequesne Algofunctional Index, step length, walking velocity 4
Passive movement training
Spinal cord injury Qaiser et al. (60) n1 = 15
n2 = 10		 Passive movement Lower extremity Passive JPSE Precision stepping task 2
Somatosensory stimulation training
ACL injury Fu et al. (61) n1 = 24
n2 = 24		 Whole body vibration Whole body Passive JPSE Knee flex/ext muscle strength, Shuttle Run and Carioca Tests, Single Legged and Triple Hop Tests, ROM, SI 5
Liu et al. (62) n = 48 Kinesio taping Knee Active JPSE Tibial anteposterior shift, Lysholm Knee Score, modified Star Excursion Balance Test, Single-hop distance N/A
Cerebral Palsy Ko et al. (63) n1 = 12
n2 = 12		 Whole body vibration Whole body Active JPSE Gait speed, SI, step length, step width 4
Healthy adults Hiroshige et al. (64) n1 = 9
n2 = 18		 Whole body vibration Whole body Active JPSE CoP displacement, single leg stance time with eyes closed 2
Healthy adults Lee et al. (65) n1 = 10
n2 = 10		 Foam rolling Lower extremity Active JPSE Knee ext/flex muscle strength, ROM knee, YBT N/A
Healthy adults Mustafa et al. (66) n = 30 Massage Hand Force reproduction error Grip strength 4
Healthy adults Naderi et al. (67) n1 = 40
n2 = 40		 Foam rolling Lower extremity Active JPSE, Joint position sense detection threshold Knee ext muscle strength 4
Healthy adults Weerakkody and Allen (68) n = 14 Kinesio taping Shoulder Active JPSE Shoulder flex/ext muscle strength N/A
Knee Osteoarthritis Cho et al. (69) n1 = 23
n2 = 23		 Kinesio taping Knee Active JPSE Pain-free active ROM 8
Stroke Kattenstroth et al. (70) n1 = 23
n2 = 23		 Electrical stimulation Hand Active JPSE Motor performance index (grip strength and Nine-hole peg test) 5
Somatosensory discrimination training
Cerebral Palsy McLean et al. (71) n1 = 7
n2 = 10		 Somatosensory discrimination Hand Active JPSE Assisting Hand Assessment, Box and Block Test, Goal Attainment Scaling 4
Combined/multiple system training
ACL relaxation Wei et al. (72) n1 = 16
n2 = 15		 Somatosensory stimulation and active movement training Lower extremity Passive JPSE Lysholm Knee Score, Tegener Activity Score 6
Ankle sprain Alahmari et al. (73) n1 = 20
n2 = 20		 Somatosensory stimulation and active movement training Lower leg Active JPSE Active ROM ankle, Foot and Ankle Disability Index, knee-to-wall distance, muscle strength, Star Excursion Balance Test 7
Multiple Sclerosis Lee et al. (74) n = 7 Passive stretching and active exercise Lower leg Joint position sense detection threshold 10 Meter Walk test, 6 Minute Walk Test, active and passive ankle ROM, BBS, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion strength, Modified Ashworth Scale, Selective Control Assessment of the Lower extremity, TUG N/A
Plantar Fasciitis Akinoglu et al. (75) n1 = 18
n2 = 18		 Somatosensory stimulation and active movement training Lower leg Passive JPSE American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Score, Functional Foot Index, Functional Reach Test, single leg stance 7
Stroke Lim (76) n1 = 19
n2 = 18		 Somatosensory stimulation and active movement training Whole body Active JPSE SI 4
Total knee replacement Wozniak-Czekierda et al. (77) n1 = 51
n2 = 60		 Somatosensory stimulation and active movement training Whole body and knee Active JPSE 6 Minute Walk Test, CoP displacement and sway area 4
Meditation
Healthy elderly adults Chatutain et al. (78) n1 = 29
n2 = 29		 Walking meditation Whole body Active JPSE BBS, Functional Reach Test, TUG 6
Parkinson's Disease Cherup et al. (79) n1 = 15
n2 = 18		 Yoga meditation Whole body Passive JPSE, Joint position sense detection threshold BBS, CoP displacement, time on platform, Tinetti gait and balance assessment, TUG 5

n1, sample size experimental group; n2, sample size control group; n, sample size; ABD, abduction; BBS, Berg Balance Scale; CoP, Center of Pressure; ER, external rotation ext, extensor; flex, flexor; ROM, Range of Motion; SI, Stability Index; TUG, Timed Up and Go; WOMAC, The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index; YBT, Y-Balance Test; N/A, not applicable. Outcome measures with the largest pre-post-treatment effect are displayed in bold. PEDro scores are calculated for studies that included a control group.