. 2022 Apr 8;3:830166. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2022.830166

Table 2.

Effect sizes for between-group comparisons.

References	Disease entity	Outcome measure	Sample size		SD_pooled	Cohen's d	95% CI
			Control	Training			LL	UL
Active movement/balance training
Alikhani et al. (25)	Healthy adults	Active JPSE	10	12	1.497	1.576	0.717	2.795
		Lower Quadrant Y-Balance test			7.596	1.438	0.586	2.618
Büyükturan et al. (12)	ACL injury	Active JPSE	29	29	1.265	1.344	0.811	1.982
		International Knee Documentation Committee-2000			16.415	0.256^†	0.794^†	−0.262^†
Chittrakul et al. (37)	Healthy elderly adults	JPSE	36	36	1.3	2.039	1.517	2.684
		CoP displacement			364.964	1.552	1.061	2.139
Daman et al. (43)	Hypermobility syndrome	Active JPSE	12	12	2.508	1.176	0.373	2.225
		SF-36 - Physical functioning			9.47	1.197^†	0.393^†	2.251^†
Daneshvar et al. (50)	Parkinson's Disease	JPSE	10	10	2.874	0.967	0.092	2.094
		Range of motion knee			12.855	1.262^†	0.382^†	2.467^†
Eymir et al. (57)	Total knee replacement	Active JPSE (day of discharge)	55	58	2.709	0.997	0.62	1.412
		TUG (day of discharge)			26.74	0.43	0.061	0.816
El Shemy (18)	Cerebral Palsy	Active JPSE	15	15	3.057	1.963	1.191	3.043
		modified TUG			2.876	1.878	1.114	2.938
El-Gohary et al. (26)	Healthy adults	Active JPSE	30	30	1.487	0.874	0.366	1.45
		Stability Index (AP direction)			1.523	1.773	1.224	2.453
El-Gohary et al. (19)	Cerebral Palsy	Passive JPSE	24	24	1.371	0.766	0.2	1.406
		Gross motor function (walking)			4.393	0.824^†	0.257^†	1.471^†
Hu et al. (27)	Healthy adults	Active JPSE	12	12	1.051	3.33	2.98	5.02
		Writing time			6.912	1.071	0.27	2.095
Kumar et al. (47)	Knee osteoarthritis	Active JPSE	22	22	1.961	1.117	0.518	1.833
		Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index			2.971	1.027	0.431	1.731
Lee et al. (20)	Chronic ankle instability	Active JPSE	15	15	N/A	eta² = 0.14^*	N/A	N/A
		Stability Index			N/A	eta² = 0.192^*	N/A	N/A
Merom et al. (39)	Healthy elderly adults	Active JPSE	147	275	N/A	not sig.	N/A	N/A
		Center of pressure displacement			165.154	−0.279^†	−0.482^†	0.078^†
Salles et al. (44)	Infraspinatus muscle atrophy	Active JPSE	18	18	0.544	2.595	1.822	3.697
		Shoulder external rotation peak torque			6.017	1.612^†	0.929^†	2.505^†
Shiravi et al. (49)	Neck pain	Active JPSE	44	43	0.523	5.736	4.894	6.85
		Isometric scapular upward rotation muscle strength			N/A	not sig.	N/A	N/A
Sohn and Kim (34)	Healthy adults	Passive JPSE	6	6	N/A	not sig.	N/A	N/A
		Isokinetic knee extension muscle strength^†			7.663	2.505	1.272	4.945
Zarei and Norasteh (23)	Deaf	Active JPSE	10	10	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
		Single leg stance (eyes closed)			2.155	1.949^†	1.024^†	3.367^†
Somatosensory stimulation training
Cho et al. (69)	Knee osteoarthritis	Active JPSE	23	23	4.008	2.67	1.969	3.629
		Pain-free active range of motion			10.847	1.872^†	1.244^†	2.684^†
Fu et al. (61)	ACL injury	Passive JPSE	20	19	N/A	not sig.	N/A	N/A
		Stability Index (AP direction)			1.843	0.873	0.245	1.608
Naderi et al. (61)	Healthy adults	JPSE	40	40	N/A	0.93^*	N/A	N/A
		Isokinetic knee extension muscle strength			N/A	0.66^*	N/A	N/A
Somatosensory discrimination training
McLean et al. (71)	Cerebral Palsy	Active JPSE	10	8	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
		Goal Attainment Scaling			N/A	0.79^*	N/A	N/A
Combined/multiple system training
Akinoglu et al. (75)	Plantar Fasciitis	Passive JPSE	18	18	1.916	0.819	0.166	1.581
		American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hind foot Score			11.637	1.308^†	0.642^†	2.145^†
Alahmari et al. (73)	Ankle Sprain	Passive JPSE	20	20	0.985	2.234	1.533	3.189
		Knee-to-wall distance (cm)			1.02	2.942^†	2.164^†	4.049^†
Lim (76)	Stroke	Active JPSE	15	15	2.743	0.558^†	0.016^†	1.367^†
		Stability Index			0.78	0.577^†	0.141^†	1.389^†
Wei et al. (72)	ACL injury	Passive JPSE	15	16	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
		Lysholm Knee Score			7.36	0.666^†	0.039^†	1.475^†
Meditation
Chatutain et al. (78)	Healthy elderly adults	Active JPSE	29	29	1.681	1.071	0.549	1.677
		Functional Reach Test			5.064	2.113^†	1.531^†	2.857^†
Cherup et al. (79)	Parkinson's Disease	Joint position sense detection threshold	18	15	N/A	0.72^*^†	0.1^*^†	1.4^*^†
		Tinetti Score			3.141	0.77^*	0.1^*	1.5^*

For studies that applied multiple proprioceptive or motor measures, respectively, only the proprioceptive and motor measure with the largest improvement between pre- and post-intervention measures is shown.

^†

Direction of effect size was converted that increment indicates improvement.

Effect size reported in study (Cohen's d unless otherwise specified).

AP, anterior-posterior; JPSE, Joint position sense error; N/A, data not available; TUG, Timed Up and Go Test.