Table 2.
Effects of acute exercise on Klotho expression.
| Reference | Study design | Population | Sample and technique | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avin et al. (81) | -45-min of treadmill running at ~70% VO2max. -Klotho measured pre- and post-exercise |
Young (3–4 mo.) and aged (22–24 mo.) C57B16/J mice | -Plasma -ELISA (IBL Ltd., Takasaki, Japan) |
↑ in sKlotho immediately post-exercise with a smaller increase observed in aged mice. |
| Avin et al. (81) | -Young group: 1 hour of treadmill walking at 55% VO2max -Older group: 1 hour of cycling at 45% VO2max -Klotho measured pre- and post-exercise at baseline and after 16 and 12 weeks of exercise training in the young and older group, respectively. |
Young (age 36.0 ± 7.0 years; n = 12) and older (age 68.3 ± 3.0 years; n = 7) sedentary women. | -Serum -ELISA (IBL Ltd., Takasaki, Japan) |
-No significant changes in sKlotho following acute exercise at baseline. -↑ in sKlotho following acute exercise after exercise training in the younger group. -No significant changes in sKlotho following acute exercise after exercise training in the older group. |
| Iturriaga et al. (184) | -Cardiorespiratory exercise group (CR): 30 min of treadmill running at 75% VO2max. -Strength exercise group (ST): 5 × 20 weighted depth jumps with 2 min rest intervals between sets and 10s of rest between each jump. -Klotho measured pre- and post-exercise in both groups and at 24h, 48h, and 72h post-exercise in ST only. |
46 physically active men in the CR group (age 35.8 ± 8.1 years) and 45 physically active men in the ST group (age 23.3 ± 3.9 years). | -Plasma -ELISA (IBL Ltd., Japan) |
-↑ in sKlotho immediately post-exercise in CR compared to pre-exercise and compared to ST. -↓ in sKlotho immediately post-exercise in ST, followed by an ↑ at 24 h and 48 post-exercise compared to pre-exercise. |
| Rahimi et al. (182) | Standard Bruce protocol on a treadmill. | Healthy non-athlete women (n = 10, age 32 ± 7 years) and healthy female athletes (n = 10, age 31 ± 9 years). | -Plasma -ELISA (IBL, D-22335, Hamburg, Germany) |
-Athletes have a higher level of sKlotho than non-athletes at baseline and post-exercise. -↑ in sKlotho immediately after exercise in both athletes and non-athletes compared to baseline. |
| Ramez et al. (185) | −5 consecutive days of training -HIIT: 6 × 2 min at 85–90% VO2max and 5 × 2 min at 50–60%VO2max. -MICT: running an identical distance as the HIIT group at 70% VO2max. -Control: sat on the treadmill belt. -IR: ligation of the LAD for 30 min followed by 24 h reperfusion. -Sham: same surgical procedure without LAD ligation. -Klotho measured 24 h after the last training session. |
-Male Wistar rats (wt. 250–300g), ages 8–10 wks. -Randomized into 7 groups: control (n = 8), HIIT (n = 8), MICT (n = 8), Sham (n = 14), IR (n = 14), HIIT+IR (n = 14), and MICT+IR (n = 14). |
-Plasma -ELISA (Bioassay Technology Laboratory, Shanghai crystal day biotech Co, LTD; Shanghai) |
-↑ in sKlotho following both exercise training protocols compared to control but was significantly higher in HIIT than MICT -Animals in the sedentary IR group had significantly lower levels of sKlotho when compared to animals with an IR who performed exercise. |
| Ramez et al. (186) | −5 consecutive days of training -HIIT: 6 × 2 min at 85–90% VO2max and 5 × 2 min at 50–60%VO2max. -IR: ligation of the LAD for 30 min followed by 24 h reperfusion. -Sham: same surgical procedure without LAD ligation. -Klotho measured 24 h after the last training session. |
-Male Wistar rats (wt. 250–300 g), ages 8–10 wks. -Randomized into 5 groups: control, HIIT, Sham, IR, and HIIT+IR. |
-Plasma and myocardial tissue -ELISA (Bioassay Technology Laboratory, Shanghai crystal day biotech Co, LTD; Shanghai). -Western blot (polyclonal antibody, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) |
-↑ in sKlotho following HIIT compared to all groups. -↑ in myocardial levels of 130 kDa Klotho after HIIT compared to the control group. -myocardial levels of 130 kDa Klotho were higher in the HIIT+IR group compared to the sedentary IR group. |
| Rao et al. (183) | -Treadmill running: 10m/min for 15 min, then 15 m/min for 15 min, then 20 m/min for 15 min, then 24 m/min until exhaustion (defined as, hindlimbs touching electrical grid for more than 10 s) | -Male C57BL6 mice, ages 8 wks. -Divided into 6 groups: sedentary (n = 6), immediately post-(n = 7), 12 h post-(n = 7), 24 h post-(n = 7), 3 days post-(n = 7), and 5 days post-(n = 6) exercise. |
-Gastroc., tib. anterior, quads, epididymal WAT, inguinal WAT, kidneys, brain, lungs, and liver. -qPCR (forward primer: 50- CACGCCGAGCAAGACTCACTG-30; reverse primer: 50-TTGATGTCGTCCAACACGTAGGC-30) -Western Blot (AF1819, R&D, MN, United States) |
-Kidneys: Klotho mRNA ↓ at 12 h post-exercise and ↑ 3- and 5-days post-exercise compared to sedentary. 65 kDa and 130 kDa Klotho expression ↓ immediately post-exercise compared to sedentary and ↑ 5 days post-exercise compared to other timepoints but not compared to sedentary. -Muscle: ↓ Klotho mRNA in quads and gastroc. immediately and 12 h post-exercise, and ↑ 3- and 5-days post-exercise compared to sedentary. In the tib. anterior, Klotho mRNA ↓ post-exercise compared to sedentary. 130 kDa Klotho was not found in muscle. No significant changes in 65 kDa Klotho expression in muscle. |
| ↑ in 95 kDa Klotho expression in muscle following exercise compared to sedentary. | ||||
| Tan et al. (180) | Standard Bruce protocol on a treadmill. | −10 healthy adults (men n = 5) -median (IQR) age = 47.5 (44–51) years. |
-Serum -ELISA (IBL Ltd., Gunma, Japan) |
- ↑ in sKlotho immediately post-exercise and return to baseline at 30 min post-exercise. |
VO2max, maximal oxygen uptake; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; sKlotho, soluble Klotho; IBL, Immuno-Biological Laboratories; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; MICT, moderate-intensity continuous training; IR, ischemia-reperfusion; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery.