Table 3.
Barriers and facilitators for RTW in the early phase (≤ 6 months) postinjury.
| Factors | Authors | Categories of interest | Barriers for RTW* | Facilitators for RTW* | Statistical reported | Levels of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological factors (n = 7) | ||||||
| Injury severity | Izadi et al. (35) | Modified hand injury severity scale | 11.45 (6.88–16.02) | Coef (95% CI) | Strong | |
| Roesler et al. (47) | Modified hand injury severity scale | 1.66 | OR | |||
| Kendrick et al. (36) | Abbreviated injury scale | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) | RR (95% CI) | |||
| Lilley et al. (41) | Hospital admission for injury | 2.10 (1.66–2.64) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Clay et al. (24) | Isolated vs. Mutiple injury | 2.80 (1.10–6.97) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Clay et al. (25) | Injury Severity Scores > 9 | 0.63 (0.39–0.99) | RRR (95% CI) | |||
| Disability post-injury | Marom et al. (44) | WHO-DAS II | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | |
| Izadi et al. (35) | Work DASH | 0.60 (0.32–0.88) | Coef (95% CI) | |||
| Other factors | ||||||
| Kendrick et al. (36) | Male vs. female | 1.94 (1.34–2.82) | RR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Lilley et al. (41) | BMI (Obese vs. normal) | 1.48 (1.13–1.94) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Clay et al. (25) | Increasing age | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | RRR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Clay et al. (25) | McGill Pain Questionnaire | 0.47 (0.27–0.82) | RRR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Clay et al. (25) | Initial need for surgery | 0.61 (0.39–0.96) | RRR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Psychological factors (n = 6) | ||||||
| Other factors | Roesler et al. (47) | Positive and negative affect scale | 1.14 | OR | Limited | |
| Roesler et al. (47) | Health locus of control | 5.11 | OR | Limited | ||
| Lilley et al. (41) | Prior depressive episode | 1.27 (1.02–1.59) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Hou et al. (33) | Psychological subscale | 1.15 (1.01–1.30) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Clay et al. (25) | Negative pain attitudes | 0.49 (0.31–0.77) | RRR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Clay et al. (26) | Recovery belief, strong | 16.73 (3.59–77.88) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Social factors (n = 20) | ||||||
| Education | Marom et al. (44) | Education ≥ 12 years | 3.44 (1.35–8.73) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | |
| Kong et al. (40) | Secondary vs. primary school | 2.5 (1.3–4.9) | HR(95% CI) | |||
| Clay et al. (26) | University | 6.27 (1.72–22.9) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Blue-collar work | Lilley et al. (41) | Blue-collar vs. white-collar | 1.52 (1.14–2.02) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | |
| Clay et al. (25) | Blue-collar vs. white-collar | 0.52 (0.32–0.84) | RRR (95% CI) | |||
| Other factors | Marom et al. (44) | Use of legal counsel (yes) | 0.45 (0.20–1.00) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | |
| Izadi et al. (35) | Smoker | 7.91 (1.41–14.41) | Coef (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Izadi et al. (35) | Job title | Coef (95% CI) | Limited | |||
| Roesler et al. (47) | Number of people in houshold | 0.015 | OR | Limited | ||
| Kendrick et al. (36) | Injured at work (yes vs. no) | 0.49 (0.27–0.87) | RR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Lilley et al. (41) | Temporary vs. permanent contract | 1.89 (1.27–2.81) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Kendrick et al. (36) | Self employed vs. paid employment | 1.15 (1.03–1.30) | RR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Lilley et al. (41) | 6–7 vs. 5 days | 1.54 (1.21–1.96) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Lilley et al. (41) | Physial work | 1.93 (1.38–2.72) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Kendrick et al. (36) | Living in deprived areas | 0.59 (0.40–0.85) | RR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Lilley et al. (41) | Income (<30.000 vs. >5000 USD) | 1.81 (1.33–2.48) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Lilley et al. (41) | Financial security (insecure) | 1.55 (1.22–1.96) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Lilley et al. (41) | Exercise (7 days vs. ≤ 4 days) | 0.67 (0.54–0.83) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Kong et al. (40) | Family's attituted to RTW | 4.0 (1.4–11) | HR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Kong et al. (40) | Perception of social support | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | HR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Kong et al. (40) | Computer skill training (yes) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | HR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Clay et al. (25) | Social functioning (SF36) | 1.89 (1.17–3.07) | RRR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
| Clay et al. (26) | Received compensation | 0.23 (0.09–0.61) | OR (95% CI) | Limited | ||
RTW, Return to work; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk; Coef, coefficient; HR, Hazard ratio; RRR, relative rate ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*
Barriers or facilitators for RTW were reported in positive or negative direction depending on the definition of outcome, or the categories of interest, or the statistical reported.
Studies with a low risk of bias and high-quality were bolded.