Table 2.
Comparison of outcome measures between both conditions.
| CP | DP | Diff | p | d | np | Standard MWa. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speed (m/s) | 2.57 | (0.32) | 2.39 | (0.31) | −0.18 | (0.16) | 0.007 | −1.11 | ||
| Peak pushrim kinetics | ||||||||||
| Total force Ftot (N) | 215.8 | (46.7) | 202.0 | (44.3) | −13.7 | (24.2) | 0.11 | −0.57 | ||
| Forward tangential force Ftan (N) | 146.9 | (41.9) | 140.1 | (32.5) | −6.7 | (19.1) | 0.30 | −0.35 | ||
| Negative tangential force −Ftan (N) | 21.0 | (7.4) | 15.5 | (6.4) | −5.6 | (4.9) | 0.01 | −0.86 | ||
| Inward radial force Frad (N) | 160.3 | (37.1) | 133.7 | (49.3) | −26.6 | (34.5) | 0.04 | −0.77 | ||
| Outward radial force −Frad (N) | 15.8 | (11.6) | 21.5 | (11.6) | 5.6 | (5.2) | 0.01 | 1.09 | ||
| Medial force Fmed (N) | 86.4 | (35.7) | 90.1 | (32.7) | 3.7 | (10.8) | 0.31 | 0.34 | ||
| Lateral force −Fmed (N) | 11.2 | (7.7) | 6.3 | (4.6) | −4.9 | (4.2) | 0.005 | −1.17 | ||
| Propulsion moment Mprop (Nm) | 37.2 | (9.5) | 35.80 | (8.35) | −1.42 | (4.40) | 0.70 | −0.16 | * | |
| Braking moment −Mprop (Nm) | 5.1 | (1.7) | 4.25 | (1.52) | −0.82 | (1.38) | 0.08 | −0.64 | * | |
| Peak shoulder forces | ||||||||||
| Anterior (N) | 118.4 | (24.9) | 91.0 | (27.9) | −27.4 | (21.8) | 0.003 | −1.25 | 5–50 | |
| Posterior (N) | 171.8 | (42.4) | 157.6 | (35.3) | −14.2 | (27.4) | 0.16 | −0.53 | 27–92 | |
| Superior (N) | 60.1 | (19.1) | 64.3 | (15.4) | 4.2 | (14.2) | 0.38 | 0.30 | −16–108 | |
| Inferior (N) | 79.8 | (22.8) | 88.1 | (44.4) | 8.3 | (32.7) | 0.45 | 0.25 | −33–58 | |
| Lateral (N) | 66.6 | (30.3) | 61.5 | (28.3) | −5.1 | (11.0) | 0.18 | −0.46 | 7–50 | |
| Medial (N) | 66.5 | (23.4) | 48.0 | (20.7) | −18.6 | (11.7) | <0.001 | −1.59 | 7–15 | |
| Peak shoulder moments | ||||||||||
| Flexion (Nm) | 65.3 | (17.8) | 58.78 | (13.4) | −6.49 | (9.8) | 0.07 | −0.66 | 6–40 | |
| Extension (Nm) | 31.0 | (8.5) | 24.61 | (11.4) | −6.40 | (15.2) | 0.22 | −0.42 | 5–17 | |
| Adduction (Nm) | 40.6 | (13.0) | 40.72 | (15.6) | 0.11 | (6.2) | 0.56 | 0.24 | 0–31 | |
| Abduction (Nm) | 30.3 | (12.8) | 21.03 | (9.8) | −9.24 | (10.8) | 0.85 | 0.00 | 0–12 | |
| Internal rotation (Nm) | 23.8 | (11.7) | 19.02 | (12.9) | −4.74 | (6.5) | 0.05 | −0.73 | 0–21 | |
| External rotation (Nm) | 41.3 | (17.3) | 38.83 | (15.0) | −2.48 | (6.8) | 0.28 | −0.36 | 0–21 |
Parentheses, standard deviation; d, effect size; np, non-parametric test.
Bold and underlined p-values indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.01.
Bold and underlined d-values indicate moderate (0.5) to large (>0.8) effect sizes.
*
Non-parametric test.