Table 1.
Characteristics of participants.
| HTP | NS | CS | PS | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, N | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | |
| Female/Male (%) | 10/42 (19.2/80.8) | 10/42 (19.2/80.8) | 10/42 (19.2/80.8) | 10/42 (19.2/80.8) | — |
| Age (in years, mean ± SD) | 48.7 ± 10.3 | 50.0 ± 10.4 | 50.6 ± 8.3 | 52.6 ± 10.1 | 0.236 |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Number of tobacco/day (mean ± SD) | 13.3 ± 4.6 | — | 13.3 ± 5.7 | — | 0.948 |
| Smoking year (mean ± SD) | 26.8 ± 10.6 | — | 29.6 ± 9.4 | 28.8 ± 12.0 | 0.412 |
| Pack/year (mean ± SD) | 18.7 ± 11.6 | — | 20.7 ± 12.7 | 27.7 ± 21.0 | 0.405 |
| Years after smoking cessation | — | — | — | 3.4 ± 2.5 | — |
| Years after HTP use (mean ± SD) | 1.7 ± 0.9 | — | — | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.078 |
| Number of cigarettes/day (mean ± SD) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 13.3 ± 5.7 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
| Number of iQOS/day (mean ± SD) | 11.1 ± 6.4 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
| Number of Ploom tech/day (mean ± SD) | 0.3 ± 2.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.394 |
| Number of Glo/day (mean ± SD) | 1.9 ± 5.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 22.9 ± 3.0 | 23.6 ± 2.8 | 22.2 ± 3.0 | 23.6 ± 3.6 | 0.065 |
| SBP (mmHg, mean ± SD) | 129.3 ± 18.0 | 127.1 ± 15.9 | 126.9 ± 17.4 | 131.9 ± 16.3 | 0.418 |
| DBP (mmHg, mean ± SD) | 76.9 ± 12.1 | 77.4 ± 10.5 | 77.3 ± 13.0 | 78.7 ± 11.5 | 0.892 |
| HbA1c (%, mean ± SD) | 5.66 ± 0.61 | 5.67 ± 0.69 | 5.67 ± 0.51 | 5.77 ± 0.74 | 0.821 |
| HDL (mmol/L, mean ± SD) | 66.8 ± 17.0 | 66.6 ± 17.7 | 62.3 ± 17.4 | 66.1 ± 17.1 | 0.512 |
| TC (mmol/L, mean ± SD) | 204.0 ± 30.8 | 213.4 ± 36.5 | 206.3 ± 35.0 | 203.1 ± 32.3 | 0.402 |
| TG (mmol/L, median [IQR]) | 93.0 [57.5, 132.5] | 101.0 [64.8, 132.3] | 97.5 [72.5, 140.0] | 88.0 [75.5, 126.5] | 0.771 |
| Alcohol drinking status | |||||
| Current drinking, N (%) | 39 (75.0) | 39 (75.0) | 38 (73.1) | 38 (73.1) | 0.999 |
| Prevalent diseasesa | |||||
| Hypertension, N (%) | 24 (46.2) | 20 (38.5) | 27 (51.9) | 31 (59.6) | 0.348 |
| Dyslipidemia, N (%) | 13 (25.0) | 11 (21.2) | 19 (36.5) | 11 (21.2) | 0.392 |
| Diabetes mellitus, N (%) | 6 (11.5) | 11 (21.2) | 10 (19.2) | 6 (11.5) | 0.418 |
| Urinary cotinine concentration (μg/mL, mean ± SD) | 1.52 ± 0.88 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.29 ± 0.91 | 0.31 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
| Urinary creatinine concentration (mg/dL, mean ± SD) | 188.2 ± 77.4 | 162.2 ± 84.8 | 169.1 ± 84.4 | 159.3 ± 86.5 | <0.001 |
| Adjusted urinary cotinine concentration to urinary creatinine concentration (ng/mgCre, mean ± SD) | 953.6 ± 743.3 | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 905.5 ± 652.1 | 169.5 ± 433.5 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol.
aWe defined hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus according to each specific disease guideline. Hypertension: (i) blood pressure higher than 140/90 mm Hg (Japanese Society of Hypertension; 2014 guideline), also (ii) currently receiving medical treatment at a hospital, indicated in our research questionnaire, or (iii) taking antihypertensive drugs. Dyslipidemia: when presented any of the following characteristics: (i) LDL cholesterol of 140 mg/dL or higher, (ii) HDL cholesterol of less than 40 mg/dL, (iii) triglyceride of 150 mg/dL or higher (Japanese Atherosclerosis Society guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases of 2017), or (iv) currently receiving medical treatment at a hospital, indicated in our research questionnaire. Diabetes: (i) casual blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher, (ii) HbA1c of 6.5% or higher (guidelines on diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus, 2016), or (iii) currently receiving anti-diabetes medical treatment at a hospital, indicated in our research questionnaire. P, P values. —, no applicable value. The P values of the continuous variables were calculated with ANOVA, and those of the categorical variables with the χ2 test.