Table 2.
Methodological appraisal of cross-sectional studies
| Cross-sectional studies JBI quality criteria | Apaydin et al. (2018)39 | Bednarczyk et al. (2017)40 | Fontenot et al. (2016)41 | Gilbert et al. (2020)46 | Gorbach et al. (2017)42 | Halkitis et al. (2019)43 | Singh et al. (2019)44 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| 2. Study subjects and the setting described in detail? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| 3. Exposure measured in a valid and reliable way? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| 4. Objective/standard criteria used for measurement? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| 5. Confounding factors identified? | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y |
| 6. Strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y |
| 7. Outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| 8. Appropriate statistical analysis used? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Score | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
JBI, Joanna Briggs Institute; N, no; Y, yes.