Table 16.
PSNR results of 3D medical image segmentation using Otsu's method for all algorithms.
| Image | K | Algorithms |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOA [41] | HHOA [35] | FPA [18] | CS [19] | HS [15] | SCA [22] | BA [23] | COVID-HHOA | ||
| 3D_imag1 | 6 | 30.1961 | 30.4401 | 30.6070 | 29.5351 | 29.8018 | 30.1225 | 29.8267 | 30.6455 |
| 8 | 32.0807 | 32.4235 | 32.5736 | 31.5420 | 31.0633 | 31.4139 | 31.3611 | 32.7306 | |
| 10 | 33.7221 | 34.2130 | 34.1211 | 33.3435 | 32.6111 | 32.6553 | 32.3934 | 34.5134 | |
| 12 | 34.3873 | 35.2726 | 35.1746 | 34.6316 | 34.4152 | 34.4275 | 34.2041 | 35.6317 | |
| 14 | 35.6631 | 36.3439 | 36.3487 | 36.4534 | 35.2466 | 34.2358 | 34.5301 | 37.3705 | |
| 3D_imag2 | 6 | 28.4792 | 28.2612 | 28.5816 | 28.1514 | 28.2390 | 28.1231 | 27.4920 | 28.5700 |
| 8 | 29.9857 | 30.3715 | 30.4281 | 30.2278 | 29.2314 | 29.5801 | 29.6223 | 30.8414 | |
| 10 | 31.8611 | 32.0457 | 32.0356 | 32.1523 | 30.8432 | 30.8721 | 30.1978 | 32.5086 | |
| 12 | 32.9469 | 33.3460 | 33.1822 | 33.1939 | 31.9144 | 31.2241 | 31.4527 | 33.7971 | |
| 14 | 33.2306 | 34.3034 | 34.3424 | 34.4636 | 33.2121 | 32.7286 | 32.0812 | 34.9959 | |
| 3D_imag3 | 6 | 23.8765 | 24.5766 | 24.7164 | 24.7615 | 23.6154 | 23.5595 | 22.5702 | 25.3023 |
| 8 | 26.1167 | 26.7796 | 27.0332 | 27.1784 | 26.7589 | 27.2304 | 24.7527 | 27.6537 | |
| 10 | 27.9192 | 28.8867 | 28.3241 | 29.1432 | 27.2341 | 27.9804 | 26.4567 | 29.6654 | |
| 12 | 28.9860 | 30.3745 | 30.0778 | 31.0939 | 28.5432 | 28.4431 | 27.4352 | 31.4758 | |
| 14 | 29.2986 | 31.6990 | 31.2865 | 32.0764 | 29.4811 | 29.8310 | 28.4833 | 32.7302 | |
| 3D_imag4 | 6 | 26.9810 | 26.9321 | 27.1231 | 26.6620 | 26.8743 | 26.3212 | 25.7158 | 27.3305 |
| 8 | 29.2953 | 28.8902 | 29.5442 | 28.2524 | 28.2630 | 28.1423 | 27.5351 | 29.5858 | |
| 10 | 31.0143 | 30.5272 | 31.0023 | 31.0154 | 30.1232 | 29.5087 | 29.2950 | 31.4076 | |
| 12 | 32.1998 | 32.0870 | 32.4472 | 32.1555 | 31.1611 | 30.9122 | 30.1142 | 32.8436 | |
| 14 | 32.5924 | 33.2061 | 33.3724 | 33.2594 | 31.2641 | 32.3986 | 31.1415 | 33.8989 | |
| 3D_imag5 | 6 | 27.4326 | 28.4923 | 28.3731 | 28.1460 | 27.4155 | 28.2378 | 27.7748 | 28.4717 |
| 8 | 29.7636 | 30.2675 | 29.4632 | 30.1205 | 28.2261 | 29.4793 | 28.4571 | 30.5245 | |
| 10 | 31.3146 | 31.8957 | 31.8638 | 32.1162 | 30.7573 | 30.4451 | 30.4593 | 32.7594 | |
| 12 | 32.2885 | 33.4235 | 32.5232 | 32.7948 | 31.9792 | 31.9715 | 31.6864 | 33.7197 | |
| 14 | 32.7714 | 34.2666 | 33.6360 | 34.1648 | 33.7886 | 31.9899 | 32.0876 | 34.8721 | |
| 3D_image6 | 6 | 26.3354 | 26.4546 | 26.2072 | 26.4751 | 26.0888 | 26.1373 | 25.4470 | 26.7845 |
| 8 | 28.5190 | 28.1292 | 28.0865 | 28.3212 | 27.9585 | 27.1920 | 27.7022 | 28.4532 | |
| 10 | 29.4571 | 30.2222 | 29.8765 | 30.2512 | 29.3425 | 28.9353 | 28.234 | 30.5218 | |
| 12 | 30.4919 | 31.4218 | 31.0183 | 31.7098 | 30.2065 | 30.2410 | 29.9403 | 31.7267 | |
| 14 | 31.7326 | 32.2109 | 32.0645 | 32.5123 | 31.2352 | 31.1132 | 30.9337 | 32.6480 | |
| Average | 30.3646 | 30.8583 | 30.8478 | 30.8634 | 29.8618 | 29.8178 | 29.2882 | 31.4667 | |