Table 2.
Baseline characteristics.
| Study | ∗ G | N | Paroxysmal AF(%) | Mean age (years) | Male (%) | Hypertension (%) | Diabetes (%) | Previous Stroke/TIA (n,%) | CHA2DS2‐VASc score, median | LA volume /LA size | LVEF(%) | Recurrence during the follow-up period(%) | complications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nilsson et al. [19] | HPSD +RFA | 45 | 26 (57%) | 55 ± 10 | 30 (66.7) | 21 | +NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 11 (24.4) | 1 (one experienced transient cerebral ischaemic episode) |
| Conventional +RFA | 45 | 32 (71%) | 51 ± 11 | 36 (80) | 20 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 12 (26.7) | 1 (one experienced transient cerebral ischaemic episode) | |
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| Baher et al. [23] | HPSD +RFA | 574 | 276 (46.8) | 69.0 ± 11.8 | 385 (67.1) | 369 (64.2) | 112 (19.5) | 81 (14.1) | 2.9 ± 1.7 | NR | NR | 241 (42.0) | 82 (all had esophageal thermal injury) |
| Conventional +RFA | 113 | 80 (70.8) | 68.3 ± 11.6 | 67 (59.3) | 68(60.1) | 18(18.5) | 7 (6.2) | 2.5 ± 1.6 | NR | NR | 46 (40.7) | 16 (all had esophageal thermal injury) | |
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| Pambrun et al. [22] | HPSD +RFA | 50 | 50 (100) | 65 ± 8.2 | 35 (70) | 14 (28) | 3 (6) | 3 (6) | NR | 107.6 ± 23.1 ml | 61.7 ± 5.6 | 5 (10.0) | 2 (all had Groin hematoma) |
| Conventional +RFA | 50 | 50 (100) | 62.5 ± 10.6 | 30 (60) | 12 (24) | 3 (6) | 3 (6) | NR | 102.9 ± 20.1 ml | 61.1 ± 4.4 | 6 (12.0) | 3 (all had Groin hematoma) | |
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| Bunch et al. [28] | HPSD +RFA | 402 | 190 (47.3) | 67.1 ± 10.5 | 253(62.9) | 358 (89.1) | 126(31.1) | 47 (11.7) | NR | NR | 54.6 ± 12.1 | 15 5(38.6) | 45 (Thirty-three patients dead and twelve patients with stroke) |
| Conventional +RFA | 402 | 202 (50.2) | 66.4 ± 12.2 | 262(65.2) | 348 (86.6) | 121(30.1) | 51 (12.7) | NR | NR | 54.7 ± 12.8 | 135(33.6) | 40 (Thirty-one patients dead and nine patients with stroke) | |
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| Ejima et al. [17] | HPSD +RFA | 60 | 60 (100) | 63.0 ± 11.3 | 44 (73.3) | 29 (48.3) | 10 (16.7) | 6 (10.0) | 1.8 | 34.3 ml/m2 | 57.7 ± 3.9 | 7 (11.7) | 1 (all had phrenic nerve palsy) |
| Conventional +RFA | 60 | 60 (100) | 66.7 ± 8.9 | 42 (70.0) | 30 (50.0) | 12 (20.0) | 7 (11.7) | 2.2 | 36.1 ml/m2 | 57.4 ± 6.3 | 17 (28.3) | 0 | |
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| Kottmaier et al. [32] | HPSD +RFA | 97 | 97 (100) | 60.8 ± 13.9 | 57 (58.8) | 56 (57.7) | NR | 6 (6.2) | 1.95 | NR | 57 ± 5 | 16 (16.5) | 13 (Three patients with pericardial effusion and ten patients had groin complications) |
| Conventional +RFA | 100 | 100 (100) | 60.8 ± 10.5 | 60 (60.0) | 58 (58.0) | NR | 7 (7.0) | 1.64 | NR | 55 ± 9 | 35 (35.0) | 17 (two patients with pericardial effusion and five patients with groin complications) | |
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| Kumagai et al.[24] | HPSD +RFA | 80 | 20 (25) | 63.0 ± 9.1 | 60 (75) | NR | NR | NR | 0.7 ± 1.0 | 41.6 ± 5.1 mm | 62.5 ± 7.7 | 11 (13.8) | 0 |
| Conventional +RFA | 80 | 24 (30) | 63.1 ± 9.1 | 66 (82.5) | NR | NR | NR | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 43.3 ± 6.4 mm | 62.2 ± 7.2 | 19 (23.8) | 0 | |
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| Kyriakopoulou et al.[21] | HPSD +RFA | 80 | 80 (100) | 67 | 47 (59) | NR | NR | NR | 2 | 43 ± 8 mm | NR | 20 (25.0) | 0 |
| Conventional +RFA | 105 | 105 (100) | 64 | 65 (62) | NR | NR | NR | 2 | 44 ± 6 mm | NR | 14 (13.3) | 0 | |
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| Yavin et al. [26] | HPSD +RFA | 112 | 76 (67.8) | 62.3 ± 5.2 | 71 (63.3) | 70 (62.5) | 11 (9.8) | NR | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 44.2 ± 4.7 mm | 60.3 ± 6.1 (n = 91) | 23 (20.5) | 1 (One patient with steam pop) |
| Conventional +RFA | 112 | 67 (59.8) | 64.8 ± 7.2 | 79 (70.5) | 76 (67.8) | 7 (6.2) | NR | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 47.1 ± 5.1 mm | 57.8 ± 5.4 (n = 86) | 34 (30.4) | 2 (One patient with large pericardial effusion and one patient with right phrenic nerve paralysis) | |
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| Yazaki et al. [27] | HPSD +RFA | 32 | 22 (89) | 61 ± 11 | 27 (84) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 40 ± 13 ml/cm2 | 55 ± 7 | 9 (28.1) | 1 (One patient with acute right phrenic nerve injury) |
| Conventional +RFA | 32 | 20 (63) | 66 ± 11 | 20 (63) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 41 ± 14 ml/cm2 | 56 ± 7 | 11 (34.4) | 0 | |
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| Dikdan et al. [16] | HPSD +RFA | 76 | 32 (42.1) | 63.20 | 54 (71.1) | NR | NR | NR | 2 | 145.4 ml (By CTA) | 56.8 | 15 (19.7) | NR |
| Conventional +RFA | 51 | 21 (41.2) | 60.70 | 40 (78.4) | NR | NR | NR | 1 | 162.3 m (By CTA) l | 56.6 | 13 (25.5) | NR | |
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| Chen et al. [18] | HPSD +RFA | 40 | 30 (75) | 56.9 ± 10.6 | 26 (65.0) | 10 (25.0) | 2 (5.0) | 0 (0) | 2.1 ± 1.10 | 36.4 ± 4.30 mm | 64.2 ± 6.9 | 7 (17.5) | 2 (two patients with steam pop) |
| Conventional +RFA | 40 | 25 (62.5) | 56.70 ± 11.5 | 29 (72.5) | 8 (20.0) | 3 (7.5) | 0 (0) | 2.2 ± 1.00 | 36.4 ± 4.30 mm | 66.4 ± 5.3 | 13 (32.5) | 0 | |
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| Hansom et al. [25] | HPSD +RFA | 107 | 67 (65) | 62 ± 9 | 69 (65) | 44 (41) | 9 (8) | 4 (4) | 1.9 | 41 ± 0.7 mm | NR | 23 (21.5) | 3 (One patient with vascular access issues, one patient with urosepsis and one patient with phrenic nerve palsy) |
| Conventional +RFA | 107 | 60 (56) | 62 ± 9 | 81 (76) | 47 (44) | 13 (12) | 9 (8) | 2.0 | 41 ± 0.6 mm | NR | 29 (27.1) | 6 (two patients with vascular access issues, one patient with pericardial tamponade, two patients with urosepsis and one patient with gastroparesis) | |
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| O'Brien et al. [29] | HPSD +RFA | 88 | 39 (44.3) | 64.5 | 57 (64.8) | 35 (39.8) | 6 (6.8) | 9 (10.2) | 2.0 | 40 mm | NR | 17 (19.3) | 6 (One patient with pulmonary edema, three patients with chest pain, and two patients with femoral access site bleeds) |
| Conventional +RFA | 93 | 60 (64.5) | 64 | 64 (68.8) | 37 (39.8) | 8 (8.6) | 8 (8.6) | 1.0 | 39 mm | NR | 16 (17.2) | 2 (One patient with chest pain, and one patient with transient dysphagia) | |
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| Park et al. [20] | HPSD +RFA | 315 | 180 (57.1) | 59 ± 11 | 232 (73.7) | 151 (47.9) | 53 (16.8) | 38 (12.1) | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 42.8 ± 6.6 mm | 63.2 ± 8.2 | 41 (13.0) | 9 |
| Conventional +RFA | 945 | 553 (58.5) | 59 ± 10 | 699 (74.0) | 455 (48.1) | 153 (16.2) | 115 (12.2) | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 42.5 ± 6.2 mm | 61.5 ± 9.6 | 171 (18.1) | 35 | |
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| Vassallo et al. [31] | HPSD +RFA | 197 | 113 (66.5) | 61.72 | 141 (71.6) | 131 (66.5) | 38 (19.3) | 14 (7.1) | 2.35 | NR | NR | 32 (16.2) | 0 |
| Conventional +RFA | 158 | 121 (76.58) | 58.9 | 113 (71.5) | 105 (66.5) | 32 (20.3) | 11 (7.0) | 2.03 | NR | NR | 64 (40.4) | 0 | |
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| Wielandts et al. [30] | HPSD +RFA | 48 | 48 (100) | 64 ± 11 | 32 (66.7) | NR | NR | NR | 1 | 39 ± 7 mm | NR | 5 (10.4) | 1 (all with esophageal lesions) |
| Conventional RFA | 48 | 48 (100) | 61 ± 11 | 33 (68.8) | NR | NR | NR | 1 | 40 ± 7 mm | NR | 4 (8.3) | 1 (all with esophageal lesions) | |
∗ G: group; +NR: no records; +RFA: radiofrequency ablation.