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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 22.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Nutr. 2022 Apr 13;42:227–250. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-105852

Figure 2. Animal models for studying sex chromosome effects.

Figure 2.

a) SF-1 KO mouse model. Comparing SF-1 KO XX mice with SF-1 KO XY mice allows for investigation of sex differences due to chromosomal effects (XY versus XX), independent of differences from gonadal steroid hormones. b) Four core genotype mouse models allow for the comparison of sex chromosomes (XX versus XY) with the same gonadal identity, and the comparison of gonadal status (ovaries versus testes) with the same sex chromosomes. c) After identifying the effects are due to sex chromosomes, XY* mouse model allows for further comparison of the number of X chromosomes (2X versus 1X), and the comparison of the presence or absence of Y chromosome (0Y versus 1Y). d) Adult somatic ovary-to-testis transdifferentiation model [aOTT] (inducible deletion of Foxl2 in XX females at adulthood). This model enables the ovaries in adult XX females to secrete testosterone, allowing the investigation of activational effects of gonadal hormones without altering the sex chromosomes or the organizational effects of gonadal hormones.