Table 3.
Cross-sectional associations between age four z-scores and impulse oscillometry (IOS), linear regression
| IOS Variable | Bivariate Analyses (N=567) | Model 1 (N=565) | Model 2 (N=555) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PE | 95% CI | p-value | PE | 95% CI | p-value | PE | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Weight-for-Age Z-score | |||||||||
| R5, cmH2O/L/s | −0.58 | −0.93, −0.23 | <0.01 | −1.03 | −1.48, −0.59 | <0.01 | −0.97 | −1.41, −0.53 | <0.01 |
| X5, cmH2O/L/s | 0.26 | 0.03, 0.49 | 0.03 | 0.28 | −0.02, 0.58 | 0.07 | 0.22 | −0.09, 0.52 | 0.16 |
| R20, cmH2O/L/s | −0.28 | −0.47, −0.08 | <0.01 | −0.48 | −0.73, −0.23 | 0.08 | −0.50 | −0.75, −0.25 | <0.01 |
| R5–20, % | −1.62 | −5.57, 2.32 | 0.42 | −2.86 | −7.93, 2.20 | 0.27 | −1.80 | −6.94, 3.33 | 0.49 |
| Fres, Hertz | −0.57 | −1.31, 0.16 | 0.13 | −0.68 | −1.62, 0.27 | 0.16 | −0.69 | −1.64, 0.25 | 0.15 |
| AX, cmH2O/L | −0.37 | −0.60, −0.14 | <0.01 | −6.32 | −9.23, −3.42 | <0.01 | −5.64 | −8.57, −2.71 | <0.01 |
| Height-for-Age Z-score | |||||||||
| R5, cmH2O/L/s | −0.91 | −1.22, −0.61 | <0.01 | −0.84 | −1.17, −0.51 | <0.01 | −0.84 | −1.15, −0.53 | <0.01 |
| X5, cmH2O/L/s | 0.16 | −0.05, 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.20 | −0.02, 0.42 | 0.07 | 0.16 | −0.05, 0.38 | 0.14 |
| R20, cmH2O/L/s | −0.41 | −0.59, −0.24 | <0.01 | −0.34 | −0.53, −0.16 | <0.01 | −0.40 | −0.57, −0.22 | <0.01 |
| R5–20, % | −2.58 | −6.13, 0.97 | 0.15 | −2.96 | −6.71, 0.80 | 0.12 | −2.08 | −5.73, 1.57 | 0.26 |
| Fres, Hertz | −0.69 | −1.36, −0.03 | 0.04 | −0.43 | −1.12, 0.27 | 0.23 | −0.62 | −1.29, 0.05 | 0.07 |
| AX, cmH2O/L | −0.53 | −0.73, −0.33 | <0.01 | −4.89 | −7.03, −2.74 | <0.01 | −4.70 | −6.77, −2.63 | <0.01 |
| Weight-for-Height Z-score | |||||||||
| R5, cmH2O/L/s | 0.11 | −0.20, 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.08 | −0.76, 0.93 | 0.84 | 0.13 | −0.70, 0.96 | 0.76 |
| X5, cmH2O/L/s | 0.17 | −0.03, 0.38 | 0.09 | 0.19 | −0.37, 0.75 | 0.50 | 0.12 | −0.45, 0.68 | 0.69 |
| R20, cmH2O/L/s | 0.03 | −0.14, 0.21 | 0.72 | −0.13 | −0.60, 0.35 | 0.60 | −0.13 | −0.60, 0.34 | 0.60 |
| R5–20, % | 0.33 | −3.14, 3.81 | 0.85 | 2.66 | −6.76, 12.08 | 0.58 | 3.21 | −6.27, 12.68 | 0.51 |
| Fres, Hertz | −0.08 | −0.73, 0.58 | 0.82 | 0.27 | −1.51, 2.04 | 0.77 | 0.29 | −1.46, 2.05 | 0.74 |
| AX, cmH2O/L | 0.38 | −1.68, 2.43 | 0.72 | −0.68 | −6.21, 4.84 | 0.81 | −0.06 | −5.57, 5.45 | 0.98 |
Change in IOS variable per 1-unit z-score increase.
Model 1 adjusts for child sex, body mass index, ethnicity, asset index, ethnicity, maternal age, number of antenatal visits and gestational age at delivery. Model 2 additionally adjusts for prenatal secondhand tobacco smoke exposure, and prenatal household air pollution exposure as indexed by carbon monoxide