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. 2022 Aug 23;12:14359. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18778-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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MBW under constant speed. (A) Images of the output waveform of the required force (% torque) when the operation was performed using OEFC at 20 mm/s in PBC. Red line shows the time during which the force was required in the minus direction. (B) The time to apply the force in the minus direction for each set (n = 6). (C) Images of cross sections of PBC before (left side) and after (right side) the three sets of the operations. (D) Decreased volume of PBC after the three sets of the operations (n = 6). Black arrows indicate the location of each hole.