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. 2022 Aug 23;12:14359. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18778-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Flow visualization. Modified NC with side holes made at 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 mm from the tips were used. (A) Red dots were drawn on the inside of the front wall of the container to match the intersections of the grid. Images before and after each set using the modified NC with side holes at 2 or 10 mm from the tips under 20 mm/s are shown. Black arrows indicate the location of each hole. (B–D) The number of red dots remained in the original position were compared between modified NCs after each set.