Fig. 3. The functional rhythm of BMAL1 is maintained in the absence of the Bmal1 mRNA rhythm.

a Simulated temporal profiles of mRNA expression of clock genes. Blue and black lines indicate the ΔRRE mutant and WT models, respectively. b Simulated circadian period in the ΔRRE mutant and WT models. c Simulated expression profiles of phosphorylated BMAL1 (p-BMAL1) protein in the ΔRRE mutant and WT models. d Circadian variation of BMAL1 phosphorylation in the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex in NIH3T3 cells (Left panel) and mouse liver nuclei (Right). Samples were prepared at 4-hr intervals, followed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using anti-BMAL1 antibody. Quantified data are shown in the Lower panels.