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. 2022 Aug 10;9:941422. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.941422

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Copyright © 2022 Yokoyama, Ichiki, Yamakawa, Tsuji, Kuronuma, Takahashi, Narimatsu and Nakase.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Intestinal mucosal gene expression associated with tryptophan metabolism. (A) Comparison of gene expression associated with tryptophan metabolism between COVID-19 patients (n = 2) and healthy controls (n = 3) in the ileum. (B) Comparison of gene expression associated with tryptophan metabolism between COVID-19 patients (n = 3) and healthy controls (n = 5) in the colon. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon rank sum-test. Statistical significance was accepted as P < 0.05. NS means P > 0.05. ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2; AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; CYP1A1, Cytochrome P450 1A1; CARD9, caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9.