Table 3.

Association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; mg/dl) and lumbar body mass density (BMD; g/cm²) stratified by gender.

Stratified by gender	Non-adjusted model β (95% CI) P-value	Minimally-adjusted model β (95% CI) P-value	Fully-adjusted model β (95% CI) P-value
Men	−0.013 (−0.020, −0.007) ***	−0.013 (−0.019, −0.006) ***	−0.009 (−0.015, −0.003) **
Women	−0.015 (−0.021, −0.009) ***	−0.009 (−0.015, −0.003) **	−0.009 (−0.015, −0.003) **

Non-adjusted model: no covariates were adjusted. Minimally adjusted model: age and race were adjusted. Fully adjusted model: age, race, education level, marital status, income poverty ratio, BMI, smoking behavior, hypertension, diabetes, total calcium intake, and total protein intake were adjusted.

^**p < 0.01,

^***p < 0.001.