TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Country of origin | Instrument for NSSI assessment | Sample size |
Mean age | Prevalence of NSSI, % |
|||
| Male | Female | Total | Past year | Lifetime | ||||
| Yan et al., 2012 (16) | China | RBQ-A | 705 | 583 | 1288 | 14.24 | 22.67 | NA |
| Giletta et al., 2012 (17) | Italy; Netherlands | 6-item measure | NA | NA | 1502 | 15.69 | 22.84 | NA |
| Di Pierro et al., 2012 (18) | Italy | SIQ-TR | 79 | 188 | 267 | 17.03 | 13.48 | 18.4 |
| Sornberger et al., 2012 (19) | United States | Single-item measure | 3503 | 3623 | 7126 | 14.92 | NA | 24.47 |
| Tang et al., 2013 (20) | China | FASM | 1436 | 1471 | 2907 | 15.4 | 33.6 | NA |
| Tormoen et al., 2013 (21) | United States | Single-item measure | NA | NA | 11440 | NA | NA | 4.3 |
| Cheung et al., 2013 (22) | China | Single-item measure | 1047 | 1270 | 2317 | 16.4 | 13.98 | NA |
| Zetterqvist et al., 2013 (23) | Sweden | FASM | 1515 | 1545 | 3060 | NA | 35.6 | 41.6 |
| Liang et al., 2014 (24) | China | 8-item measure | 1089 | 1031 | 2140 | 14 | NA | 23.1 |
| Rodav et al., 2014 (25) | Israel | OSI-F | NA | NA | 275 | 14.81 | 20.7 | NA |
| Liang et al., 2014 (26) | China | SHQ | 1085 | 1046 | 2131 | 13.92 | NA | 23.2 |
| Evren et al., 2014 (27) | Turkey | Single-item measure | NA | NA | 4957 | 15.58 | 14.4 | NA |
| Albores-Gallo et al., 2014 (28) | Mexico | Self-injury questionnaire | 244 | 289 | 533 | 13.37 | 12.6 | 17.1 |
| Claes et al., 2014 (29) | Belgium | SHI | 395 | 137 | 532 | 15.11 | NA | 26.5 |
| Claes et al., 2015 (30) | Belgium; Netherlands | SHI | 436 | 349 | 785 | 15.56 | NA | 20.1 |
| Hanania et al., 2015 (31) | Jordan | Single-item measure | 478 | 474 | 952 | NA | 14.29 | 22.6 |
| Kiekens, 2015 (32) | Belgium; Netherlands | SHI | 511 | 408 | 946 | 15.52 | NA | 24.31 |
| Gandhi et al., 2015 (33) | Belgium | SIQTR | 201 | 335 | 568 | 16.13 | NA | 16.5 |
| Calvete et al., 2015 (34) | Spain | FASM | 901 | 959 | 1864 | 15.32 | 32.2 | NA |
| Somer et al., 2015 (35) | Turkey | ISAS | 745 | 911 | 1656 | 16.8 | NA | 31.3 |
| Kim and Yu, 2017 (36) | South Korea | DSHI | 376 | 341 | 717 | NA | NA | 8.8 |
| Cimen et al., 2017 (37) | Turkey | ISAS | 241 | 314 | 555 | NA | NA | 11.4 |
| Liu et al., 2017 (38) | China | Single-item measure | 1027 | 1063 | 2090 | 15.5 | 12.6 | 8.8 |
| Lin et al., 2017 (39) | China | Twelve NSSI behaviors | 1007 | 1108 | 2161 | 15.83 | 20.1 | NA |
| Ma et al., 2018 (40) | China | Adolescent NSSI behavior questionnaire | 4600 | 5104 | 9704 | NA | 38.50 | NA |
| Jiang et al., 2018 (41) | China | Chinese version of YRBSS | 1005 | 805 | 1910 | NA | 6.80 | NA |
| Cui et al., 2018 (42) | China | Single-item measure | 2033 | 1704 | 3737 | NA | 34.7 | NA |
| Gandhi et al., 2018 (43) | Belgium | Single-item measure | NA | NA | 401 | 16.6 | NA | 16.5 |
| Liu et al., 2018 (44) | China | Single-item measure | NA | NA | 5696 | 15.0 | 21.4 | 28.1 |
| Tang et al., 2018 (9) | China | Chinese-FASM | 8043 | 7580 | 15623 | 15.2 | 29.2 | NA |
| Ren et al., 2018 (45) | China | DSHI | 955 | 1034 | 1989 | 15.45 | 20.8 | NA |
| Jiang et al., 2018 (46) | China | DSHI | 579 | 447 | 1026 | 13.76 | 24.2 | NA |
| Cao et al., 2019 (47) | China | Single-item measure | 1075 | 1029 | 2104 | NA | NA | 10.9 |
| Chen et al., 2019 (48) | China | OSI | 4150 | 2979 | 7129 | 15.48 | NA | 33.7 |
| Chen et al., 2019 (49) | China | 8-item measure | 7250 | 6192 | 14162 | 15.13 | 15.36 | NA |
| Ma et al., 2019 (50) | China | 8-item measure | 7999 | 7539 | 15538 | 15.13 | 28.74 | NA |
| Xu et al., 2019 (51) | China | ANSAQ | 10862 | 10969 | 21831 | 15 | 7.9 | NA |
| Zhang and Zhang, 2019 (52) | China | Adolescents’ non-suicidal self-injury scale | 708 | 789 | 1497 | 12.01 | NA | 9.9 |
| Li et al., 2019 (53) | China | 8-item measure | 10990 | 11638 | 22628 | 15.36 | 32.1 | NA |
| Gaspar et al., 2019 (54) | Portugal | Single-item measure | 1499 | 1763 | 3262 | 14.8 | 20.3 | NA |
| Hu et al., 2020 (55) | China | OSI | 4150 | 2979 | 7129 | 15.48 | 33.7 | NA |
| Hu et al., 2020 (56) | China | ANSAQ | 3995 | 3130 | 7125 | 13.93 | 51.40 | NA |
| Jiang et al., 2020 (57) | China | ANSAQ | 7347 | 7153 | 14500 | 14.83 | 14.81 | NA |
| Lin et al., 2020 (58) | China | Modified Adolescents’ Self-Harm Scale | 997 | 1068 | 2065 | NA | NA | 40.34 |
| Mao et al., 2020 (59) | China | Modified Adolescents’ Self-Harm Scale | 308 | 333 | 641 | 16.37 | NA | 32.1 |
| Pang and Wang, 2020 (60) | China | Self injury behavior assessment questionnaire | 7648 | 7174 | 14822 | 15.27 | 30.54 | NA |
| Wang et al., 2020 (61) | China | Fourteen NSSI behaviors | 412 | 363 | 775 | 15.58 | 41.3 | NA |
| Zhou et al., 2020 (62) | China | OSI | 2219 | 2215 | 4434 | 14.38 | 33.3 | NA |
| Liu et al., 2020 (63) | China | Adolescent NSSI Function Assessment Scale | 1245 | 1460 | 2705 | 13.4 | NA | 47.1 |
| Tang et al., 2020 (64) | China | Chinese-FASM | 8043 | 7580 | 15623 | 15.1 | 28.58 | NA |
| Gu et al., 2020 (65) | China | Seven NSSI behaviors | NA | NA | 949 | 13.35 | 38.9 | NA |
| Buelens et al., 2020 (66) | Belgium | Single-item measure | NA | NA | 2130 | 15 | NA | 21.8 |
| Liang et al., 2021 (67) | China | DSHI | 670 | 611 | 1281 | 10.60 | NA | 42.31 |
| Sun et al., 2021 (68) | China | RBQ-A | 534 | 466 | 1000 | NA | NA | 27.6 |
| Costa et al., 2021 (69) | Brazil | FASM | 254 | 251 | 505 | 14.32 | 45.3 | NA |
| Perez et al., 2021 (70) | Spain | ISAS | 809 | 924 | 1733 | 15.76 | NA | 24.6 |
| Madjar et al., 2021 (71) | Israel | NSSI-AT | 148 | 158 | 306 | NA | 11.4 | NA |
| Jeong and Kim, 2021 (72) | South Korea | Single-item measure | 968 | 879 | 1843 | NA | 8.8 | NA |
| Lee et al., 2021 (73) | South Korea | Korean-DSHI | 1075 | 599 | 1674 | 16.6 | 28.3 | NA |
| Tang et al., 2021 (74) | China | Twelve NSSI behaviors | 545 | 504 | 1060 | 14.66 | 40.9 | NA |
| Jiang et al., 2021 (75) | China | Seven NSSI behaviors | 356 | 372 | 728 | 14.07 | 17.4 | NA |
| Abbasian et al., 2021 (76) | Iran | ISAS | NA | NA | 604 | 14.29 | NA | 38.7 |
SHQ, self-harm questionnaire; RBQ-A, risky behavior questionnaire for adolescents; YRBSS, youth risk behavior surveillance system; OSI, Ottawa self-injury; ANSAQ, adolescent non-suicidal self-injury assessment questionnaire; DSHI, deliberate self-harm inventory; SIQTR, self-injury questionnaire-treatment related; FASM, functional assessment of self-mutilation; OSI-F, Ottawa self-injury inventory-functions; SHI, self-harm inventory; ISAS, inventory of statements about self-injury; NSSI-AT, non-suicidal self-injury assessment tool; NA, not available.