Table 3.
Characteristics of the comparators and outcomes (N=18).
| Study | Comparator | Duration (minutes) | Frequency (times per week) | Period (weeks) | Measured outcomes | Outcome measures | Follow-up | Attrition, N |
| Valdes et al [46] | Control | N/Aa | N/A | N/A | VMb | HVLTc; RAVLTd; RBMTe | After the intervention; 52-, 104-, 156-, and 261-week follow-up | NRf |
| Zhuang et al [47] | Control | N/A | N/A | N/A | VM | ACE-Rg | After the intervention | 10 |
| Hagovská et al [48] | Conventional exercises | 30 | 7 | 10 | VM | ACE-R | After the intervention | 2 |
| Singh et al [49] | Conventional exercises+sham cognitive training; serious games+conventional exercises; control | Conventional exercises+sham cognitive training: 75; serious games+conventional exercises: 100; control: 60 | 2 | 25 | VM; NVMh | BVRT-Ri; WMS-III-LMj | After the intervention; 74-week follow-up | 14 |
| Gooding et al [50] | Empirically validated serious game; commercially available serious game | 60 | 2 | 17 | VM; NVM | WMS-R-VR-IIk; WMS-R-LMl; BSRTm | After the intervention | 22 |
| Liao et al [51] | Conventional exercises | 60 | 3 | 12 | VM; WMn | CVLTo; SBTTp | After the intervention | 15 |
| Finn and McDonald [52] | Control | NR | 2 | 4 | VM; WM | WMS-IV-VPA-IIq; WMS-IV-SSr | After the intervention | 7 |
| Park and Park [53] | Commercially available exergame | 30 | 3 | 10 | VM; WM | RAVLT; WAIS-DSBs | After the intervention | 0 |
| Cavallo et al [54] | Control | N/A | N/A | N/A | VM; NVM; WM | RBMT; WMS-R-DSBt; TSWRTu | After the intervention; 24-week follow-up | 4 |
| Leung et al [55] | Control | 60 | 3 | 13 | VM; NVM; WM | WMS-III-FPv; WMS-III-LM; WMS-III-DSTw; WMS-III-VSSTx | After the intervention | 0 |
| Yang and Kwak [56] | Control | N/A | N/A | N/A | VM; NVM; WM | ROCFTy; SVLTz; WMS-III-DSBaa | After the intervention | 0 |
| Tarnanas et al [57] | Control; conventional cognitive activities | 90 | 2 | 21 | VM; NVM; WM | ROCFT; RAVLT; WMS-III-DSB | After the intervention | 9 |
| Flak et al [58] | Nonadaptive serious game | 30 to 40 | 5 | 5 | VM; NVM; WM | ROCFT; WMS-III-FIIab; WMS-III-LM; CVLT-IIac; WMS-III-DSB; WMS-III-SSad; WMS-III-LNSae | After the intervention; 4- and 16-week follow-up | 17 |
| Herrera et al [59] | Conventional cognitive activities | 60 | 2 | 12 | VM; NVM; WM | ROCFT-Raf; BEM-WLTRag; MMSE-Rah; WMS-R-DSB | After the intervention; 24-week follow-up | NR |
| Savulich et al [60] | Control | N/A | N/A | N/A | NVM | BVRT-R | After the intervention | 0 |
| Boller et al [61] | Serious game; control | 7 to 10 | 3 | 2 | NVM; WM | SRTai; n-BTaj; RSTak | After the intervention | 0 |
| Karssemeijer et al [62] | Conventional exercises (aerobic exercises); conventional exercises (relaxation and flexibility exercises) | 30 to 50 | 3 | 12 | NVM; WM | LLT-Ral; WAIS-III-DSam; WMS-III-VSST | After the intervention; 24-week follow-up | 23 |
| Hyer et al [63] | Nonadaptive serious game | 40 | 7 | 5 to 7 | WM | WMS-III-DST; WMS-III-LNS | After the intervention; 12-week follow-up | 9 |
aN/A: not applicable.
bVM: verbal memory.
cHVLT: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test.
dRAVLT: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.
eRBMT: Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test.
fNR: not reported.
gACE-R: Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination-Revised.
hNVM: nonverbal memory.
iBVRT-R: Benton Visual Retention Test-Revised, Fifth Edition.
jWMS-III-LM: Wechsler Memory Scale Third Edition-Logical Memory.
kWMS-R-VR-II: Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised-Visual Reproductions II.
lWMS-R-LM: Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised-Logical Memory.
mBSRT: Buschke Selective Reminding Test.
nWM: working memory.
oCVLT: California Verbal Learning Test.
pSBTT: spatial n-back task test.
qWMS-IV-VPA-II: Wechsler Memory Scale Fourth Edition-Verbal Paired Associates II.
rWMS-IV-SS: Wechsler Memory Scale Fourth Edition-Symbol Span.
sWAIS-DSB: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Digit Span Backwards.
tWMS-R-DSB: Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised-Digit Span Backwards.
uTSWRT: two-syllable word repetition test.
vWMS-III-FP: Wechsler Memory Scale Third Edition-Family Pictures.
wWMS-III-DST: Wechsler Memory Scale Third Edition-Digit Span Test.
xWMS-III-VSST: Wechsler Memory Scale Third Edition-Visual-Spatial Span Test.
yROCFT: Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test.
zSVLT: Seoul Verbal Learning Test.
aaWMS-III-DSB: Wechsler Memory Scale Third Edition-Digit Span Backwards Test.
abWMS-III-FII: Wechsler Memory Scale Third Edition-Faces II.
acCVLT-II: California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition.
adWMS-III-SS: Wechsler Memory Scale Third Edition-Symbol Span.
aeWMS-III-LNS: Wechsler Memory Scale Third Edition-Letter-Number Sequencing.
afROCFT-R: Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test-Revised.
agBEM-WLTR: Batterie d’Efficience Mnesique-word list total recall.
ahMMSE-R: Mini-Mental State Examination-Recall.
aiSRT: source recognition task.
ajn-BT: n-back task.
akRST: reading span task.
alLLT-R: Location Learning Test-Revised.
amWAIS-III-DS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Second Edition-Digit Span.