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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 24.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2019 Jul 24;130:104580. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.003

Table 2.

Epidemiology studies of pubertal development in females.

Reference Study description Includes metabolites of: Study evaluation
Population Exposure Outcome DEH-P DIN-P DB-P DIB-P BB-P DE-P Exposure Outcome Selection Confounding Analysis Overall confidence
Included Hart et al. (2013) Pregnancy cohort (N = 123 girls) in Australia Blood samples at 18 and 34/36 wks gestation Prospectively reported age at menarche ✓ ✓ ✓ a ✓ a ✓ a ✓ a D G D D D Low
Mouritsen et al. (2013) Cohort of children (N=84 girls) in Denmark enrolled at 6–12 yrs Urine samples every 6 mo, at least 2 samples averaged Tanner stages determined by pediatrician ✓ ✓ ✓ b ✓ b ✓ ✓ G G D D D Low
Su et al. (2014) Pregnancy cohort (N = 69 girls) in Taiwan Single urine sample (3rd trimester) Tanner stages determined by single examiner ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ A/D G D D D Low
Watkins et al. (2017); Watkins et al. (2014) Pregnancy cohort (N = 117 girls) in Mexico Urine sample in each trimester Tanner stages determined by pediatrician ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ G G D A A Medium
Wolff etal. (2017); Wolff etal. (2014); Wolff etal. (2010) Cohort of girls (N= 1,170) in U.S. enrolled at 6–8 yrs Single urine sample at baseline Repeated assessments of Tanner stages by trained examiners ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ A/D G A G A Medium
Total Studies per Phthalate 7 3 6 5 6 6

Excluded studies: Exposure measured after development of outcome: Buttke et al. (2012), Chen et al. (2013), Chou et al. (2009), Frederiksen et al. (2012), Hashemipour et al. (2018), Lomenick et al. (2010), Shi et al. (2015), Srilanchakon et al. (2017), Zhang et al. (2015). Exposure measured in blood: Buluş et al. (2016), Lee et al. (2009), Yum et al. (2013). Exposure measured by self-report: Garran and Shaw (2012). No comparison group: Rais-Bahrami et al. (2004). Critical deficiency in population selection: Smerieri et al. (2015).

Additional studies identified in the August 2018 literature update: Binder et al. (2018), Kasper-Sonnenberg et al. (2017). Watkins et al. (2017), an update of Watkins et al. (2014) was also identified in the search and incorporated into the synthesis.

G = good; A = adequate; D = deficient; A/P = adequate for short chain phthalates, deficient for long chain phthalates.

a

Study was considered critically deficient for this phthalate due to measurement in blood.

b

Study summed DBP and DIBP metabolites.