Table 3.
Reference; Study confidence; N | Outcome | Effect estimatea | Mean exposure (IQR) (ng/mL) | Pubertal development timing effect estimate |
---|---|---|---|---|
∑DEHP | ||||
Childhood Exposure | ||||
Wolff et al. (2017) and Wolff et al. (2014); Medium; 1,141 | Age at menarche (n=1,051) Age at 1st breast stage 2 Age at 1st pubic hair stage 2 |
HR (95% CI) | Median 142 μg/g creatinine | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) 0.92 (0.85, 0.99)* |
Mouritsen et al. (2013) ; Low; 84 | Age at breast stage 2+ Age at pubic hair stage 2+ |
Medians in high vs. low exposure | 115 (14–4,627) | “no significant difference” |
Prenatal Exposure | ||||
Watkins et al. (2014) ; Medium; 120 | Menarche Breast stage 2+ Pubic hair stage 2+ |
OR (95% CI) | 0.24 μmol/L | 1.89 (0.57,6.22) 0.66 (0.26,1.69) 2.15 (0.62,7.48) |
Hart et al. (2013); Low; 121 Su et al. (2014); Low; 69 | Age at menarche Tanner stage > 1 | Correlation coefficient OR (95% CI) | 4.3 (2.7–7.1) 47 mg/g creatinine | −0.17, p = 0.07 Stage 2: 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) Stage 3: 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
OR and hazard ratio (HR) < 1 indicate later pubertal development. Bolding of the effect estimate indicates evidence that suggests later onset of puberty, while grey shading indicates evidence that suggests earlier onset of puberty. NR = not reported; Q = quartile, y/n = yes/no
p < 0.05.