Table 1.

Reported cases of fatal CAPA occurring in patients with COVID-19.

	Patient 1	Patient 2	Patient 3	Patient 4	Patient 5	Patient 6	Patient 7
Gender, age	Male, 74	Female, 42	Male, 79	Female, 66	Male, 79	Female, 56	Male, 69
Co-morbidities/past medical history	-Asymptomatic and untreated myelodysplastic -Hashimoto's thyroiditis -Hypertension -Benign prostatic hypertrophy	-Diabetes -Non-M3 acute myeloid leukemia (AML)	-Diabetes -Hypertension -Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation -Chronic heart failure -Renal failure	None	-Diabetes -Polymyalgia rheumatic	Diabetes	None
Initial presenting symptoms	Fever, cough, dyspnea, tachypnea, and hypoxemia	AML	Disorientation and hypoxia	Fever, myalgia, dry cough, and dyspnea	Fever, cough, and general fatigue	Severe pneumonia	Fever, chills, dry cough, and headache
Supportive care	Intubation, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support	Supplemental oxygen by nasal cannula (4 L/min) changed to non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) on day 9, rehydration with normal saline, endotracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation	Intubation, invasive ventilation, hemodynamic support with norepinephrine, and continuous renal function replacement therapy	Supportive oxygen therapy with the nasal cannula (4 L/min) and intubation	Intubation and mechanical ventilation	N/A	Intubation and mechanical ventilation
Clinical features suggestive of COVID-19	Acute respiratory failure, tachypnea, and hypoxemia	Fever, dry cough, dyspnea, and myalgia	Bilateral lung infiltrates	Diffuse bilateral ground-glass opacities	Fever, cough, general fatigue, and pulmonary bilateral ground-glass attenuations	Cavities in bilateral upper lobes containing soft tissue	Diffuse, ill-defined increased opacity in the peripheral portion of his right upper and both lower lung zones
Day of diagnosis of COVID-19	Day 0	Day 8	Day 0	Day 0	One day before admission	Day 0	Day 0
Day of transfer to ICU	Day 0	Day 10	Day 0	N/A	Day 4	N/A	Day 7
Day of diagnosis of aspergillosis	Day 4	Day 9	Day 14+	Day 17+	Day 24	Day 32	Day 36
Laboratory investigations of aspergillosis	-Positive PCR (3600 copies/mL; 3.55 log) -Negative serum galactomannan (GM) assay -Microscopic examination of branched septate hyphae after silver staining -Mass spectrometry	-Positive serum GM antigen test	-Sputum cultures positive for A. fumigatus -Serum GM index of 1.7 -Serum 1,3-β-D-glucan (BDG) of 28 pg/mL	-Positive serum GM test of 4.15 -Positive culture for A. terreus	- Papanicolaou stain of the tracheal aspirate indicative of A. fumigatus -Serum BDG level of 632.4 pg/mL	-Positive serum GM with an index of 4.155, -Sputum culture recovering A. niger	-Positive transtracheal aspiration culture for A. fumigatus repeatedly -Positive galactomannan assay of tracheal aspiration
Other infections	Haemophilus influenza (at day 1 only)	None	Staphylococcus aureus	A. fumigatus (low count)	None	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	None
Treatment for COVID-19	Intravenous cefotaxime	Linezolid plus meropenem, lopinavir/ritonavir, and interferon β-1b	Hydrocortisone and meropenem	Interferon β-1a (subcutaneously), dexamethasone (intravenously), meropenem, and vancomycin	Inhaled ciclesonide, oral ivermectin, dexamethasone (substituted for methylprednisolone), meropenem, remdesivir, and heparin therapy	Intravenous methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, and prednisolone	Intravenous remdesivir, oral dexamethasone, and oral moxifloxacin
Treatment for aspergillosis	None	Intravenous liposomal amphotericin B	Anidulafungin and voriconazole next to vancomycin and ceftazidime	Voriconazole and caspofungin	Liposomal amphotericin B and recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin	Voriconazole	Voriconazole and liposomal amphotericin B
Other treatments	N/A	-AML: idarubicin and cytarabine -Diabetes: metformin	Intravenous ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin switched to flucloxacillin	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Day and cause of death	Day 9 due to severe respiratory failure	Day 12 due to respiratory and hemodynamic instability	Day 17 due to severe diffuse alveolar damage	Day 29 due to respiratory failure	Day 28 due to multiple organ failures, including respiratory and renal failure	Day N/A, poor lung reserve, and other superimposed infections	Day 130 due to multiple organ failures, including respiratory, cardiogenic, and renal failure
Reference	[65]	[66]	[67]	[62]	[68]	[69]	[70]