Huang 2017.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study type: RCT Design: 3‐arm, parallel group design Blinding: single blind; assessors were blinded to group allocation
Participants	Sample: adults with poor sleep documented by PSQI scores > 5, sleep‐onset latency > 30 minutes, wake time after sleep onset > 30 minutes, or TST ≤ 6.5 hours n: 71 randomised (48 included in this review). 71 completed and included in analyses Age: mean 41 (SD 16.7, range 22–67) years Sex: 9 men, 39 women Setting: participants' homes Country: Taiwan
Interventions	Intervention 1 (n = 24): music group. Participants listened to researcher‐selected Buddhist music. Participants administered the music themselves. The music was installed on the mobile phones of the participants. Music characteristics: 3 peaceful Buddhist songs: Praise Buddha, Song of Praise Sambo, and Namo Shakyamuni Buddha (Jing Si Publications, Taipei, Taiwan) Length of sessions: 30 minutes Frequency of sessions: daily at bedtime Duration of intervention period: 4 days Intervention 2 (n = 23): music video group (not included in review). Participants watched researcher‐selected religious films. Control (n = 24): no intervention
Outcomes	Sleep‐onset latency, minutes (assessed with EEG and subjective rating) mean (SD) at baseline GEE analysis estimating group differences postintervention TST, minutes (assessed with EEG and subjective rating) mean (SD) at baseline GEE analysis estimating group differences postintervention Sleep interruption, minutes (assessed with EEG, wake after sleep onset) mean (SD) at baseline GEE analysis estimating group differences postintervention Sleep interruption (assessed with EEG, number of awakenings) mean (SD) at baseline GEE analysis estimating group differences postintervention Sleep efficiency, % (assessed with EEG) mean (SD) at baseline GEE analysis estimating group differences postintervention Stage 1, % of TST (assessed with EEG)a mean (SD) at baseline GEE analysis estimating group differences post‐intervention Stage 2, % of TST (assessed with EEG)a mean (SD) at baseline GEE analysis estimating group differences postintervention Stage 3 and 4, % of TST (assessed with EEG)a mean (SD) at baseline GEE analysis estimating group differences postintervention Stage REM, % of TST (assessed with EEG)a mean (SD) at baseline GEE analysis estimating group differences postintervention aOutcome not included in this review We contacted the author 25 May and 29 June 2021 to obtain data on the raw postintervention scores, but we have not yet received a reply.
Notes	Trial start and end dates: September 2014 to June 2016 Funding sources: funded by the National Science Council, Taiwan (NSC102‐2628‐B‐320‐001‐MY3) Protocol registration: WHO ICTRP (ISRCTN94971645)
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Comment: random allocation sequence was consecutively numbered for the participants and sealed, opaque envelopes determining groups were generated using a random numbers generator (Microsoft Excel) by a statistician (Yang, Minzi).
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Comment: the statistician was not involved in the rest of the study. The researchers and research assistant were all blinded to the randomisation.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Comment: it is not possible to blind participants to the music intervention.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Comment: a licensed sleep technician, blinded to group assignment, visually analysed sleep polygraphs using standard procedures.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Comment: no sign of attrition.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Comment: protocol was retrospectively registered (ISRCTN94971645). There was no indication of selective reporting.
Other bias	Low risk	Comment: no indication of additional bias.