Table 1.
Characteristics of Providers (N = 18)
| Total | MOUD only (N = 6) | MOUD & SSP (N = 4) | SSP only (N = 8) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organization type | 0.50 | ||||
| Non-profit organization | 16 (88.9%) | 6 (100%) | 3 (75%) | 7 (87.5%) | |
| City or state-run program | 1 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (12.5%) | |
| Univ/medical organization | 1 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (25%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Workforce size (Mean [Std Deviation]) | 35.9 [37.9] | 58.3 [48.3] | 36.8 [43.8] | 18.8 [15.6] | 0.16 |
| Harm reduction services | |||||
| Syringe service program | 12 (66.7%) | – | 4 (100%) | 8 (100%) | – |
| Overdose prevention/education | 16 (88.9%) | 4 (66.67%) | 4 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 0.14 |
| Naloxone distribution | 16 (88.9%) | 4 (66.67%) | 4 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 0.14 |
| Fentanyl testing/test-strip distribution | 12 (66.7%) | 2 (33.3%) | 3 (75%) | 7 (87.5%) | 0.16 |
| Drug checking machine | 1 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (12.5%) | 1.00 |
| Peers/street outreach for harm reduction | 15 (83.3%) | 3 (50%) | 4 (100%) | 8 (100%) | 0.03 |
| Treatment services | |||||
| Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) | 10 (45.5%) | 6 (100%) | 4 (100%) | – | – |
| Methadone maintenance | 5 (27.8%) | 5 (83.33%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0.05 |
| Methadone as detox/taper | 3 (16.7%) | 3 (50%) | 0 (0%) | – | 0.20 |
| Buprenorphine maintenance | 8 (44.4%) | 5(83.33%) | 3 (75%) | – | 1.00 |
| Buprenorphine as detox/ taper* | 4 (22.2%) | 1 (16.67%) | 3 (75%) | – | 0.19 |
| Extended-release naltrexone maintenance | 3 (16.7%) | 2 (33.3%) | 1 (25%) | – | 1.00 |
| Individual counseling/behavioral therapy | 12 (66.7%) | 5 (83.33%) | 4 (100%) | 3 (37.5) | 0.06 |
| Group counseling/behavioral therapy | 11 (61.1%) | 5 (83.33%) | 3 (75%) | 3 (37.5) | 0.24 |
| Peer recovery coaches | 10 (55.6%) | 3 (50%) | 2 (50%) | 5 (62.5%) | 1.00 |
| Self-help/12-step programs | 3 (16.7%) | 1 (16.67%) | 1 (25%) | 1 (12.5%) | 1.00 |
| Urine/saliva drug screening | 7 (38.9%) | 6 (100%) | 1 (25%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001 |
| Walk in/same day treatment initiation | 9 (50.0%) | 3 (50%) | 4 (100%) | 2 (25%) | 0.06 |
| Social and wraparound services | |||||
| On-site case management/social services | 13 (72.2%) | 3 (50%) | 3 (75%) | 7 (87.5%) | 0.35 |
| Referral to case management/social services | 14 (77.8%) | 6 (100%) | 3 (75%) | 5 (62.5%) | 0.28 |
| Housing units provided by program | 4 (22.2%) | 1 (16.67%) | 1 (25%) | 2 (25%) | 1.00 |
| Educational services/job training/GED | 2 (11.11%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (25%) | 0.48 |
| Parenting/childcare/pregnancy services | 6 (33.3%) | 4 (66.67%) | 2 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 0.02 |
| Domestic violence services | 3 (16.7%) | 1 (16.67%) | 2 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 0.07 |
| Drop in area/safe space | 8 (44.4%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (100%) | 4 (50%) | 0.01 |
| Medical services | |||||
| Wound care | 9 (50.0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (100%) | 5 (62.5%) | 0.01 |
| Infectious disease testing and/or treatment | 13 (72.2%) | 3 (50%) | 4 (100%) | 6 (75%) | 0.27 |
P values bolded for significant comparisons across groups using Fisher’s exact test and ANOVA < 0.05 or P < 0.001