Table 5.
Clinical biochemical tests performed during the oral administration period.
| Test items | Clinical laboratory reference values | Group | Week 0 | Week 2 | Week 4 | Week 6 (observation period) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± S.D. | Mean ± S.D. | Mean ± S.D. | Mean ± S.D. | |||
| Enzymatic activity | ||||||
| AST (GOT) (U/L) | 10–40 | Placebo | 20.1 ± 5.7 | 20.7 ± 5.4 | 20.7 ± 6.3 | 20.5 ± 7.0 |
| NMN | 20.8 ± 7.2 | 23.6 ± 15.6 | 19.9 ± 7.7 | 22.3 ± 11.6 | ||
| ALT (GPT) (U/L) | 5–45 | Placebo | 20.5 ± 13.7 | 23.3 ± 14.2 | 21.9 ± 14.4 | 21.8 ± 15.9 |
| NMN | 23.8 ± 17.3 | 28.8 ± 33.1 | 22.0 ± 19.2 | 25.6 ± 25.0 | ||
| ALP (U/L) | 110–340 | Placebo | 175.8 ± 41.7 | 177.5 ± 36.0 | 175.3 ± 40.4 | 173.5 ± 50.5 |
| NMN | 197.3 ± 51.7 | 203.9 ± 57.0 | 198.9 ± 56.8 | 193.9 ± 58.2 | ||
| γ-GT (U/L) | Female: 10–40 | Placebo | 32.7 ± 26.0 | 33.3 ± 25.7 | 33.9 ± 29.1 | 36.2 ± 33.2 |
| Male: 12–87 | NMN | 43.4 ± 64.4 | 44.9 ± 77.2 | 42.3 ± 71.3 | 46.0 ± 76.5 | |
| LD (LDH) (U/L) | 107–230 | Placebo | 156.9 ± 16.8 | 158.7 ± 21.1 | 158.3 ± 22.0 | 161.7 ± 19.3 |
| NMN | 174.8 ± 26.4 # | 174.0 ± 23.7 | 173.4 ± 28.6 | 174.0 ± 25.9 | ||
| Lipid metabolism | ||||||
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 40–149 | Placebo | 77.5 ± 47.0 | 74.7 ± 35.9 | 77.7 ± 45.6 | 103.3 ± 104.7 |
| NMN | 97.9 ± 57.8 | 84.8 ± 46.8 | 82.5 ± 55.7 | 99.3 ± 65.2 | ||
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 130–220 | Placebo | 209.3 ± 28.9 | 209.0 ± 24.9 | 207.1 ± 33.3 | 203.7 ± 30.7 |
| NMN | 209.1 ± 38.6 | 218.6 ± 35.7 | 212.9 ± 38.0 | 210.8 ± 40.1 | ||
| Free fatty acid (μEq/L) | 150–600 | Placebo | 529.2 ± 290.3 | 409.3 ± 155.2 | 396.2 ± 209.5 | 338.8 ± 139.9 |
| NMN | 414.1 ± 178.9 | 390.5 ± 196.2 | 405.9 ± 184.8 | 429.9 ± 194.9 | ||
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | Female: 40–86 | Placebo | 68.6 ± 19.2 | 67.7 ± 16.2 | 64.5 ± 13.4 | 64.9 ± 11.0 |
| Male: 40–80 | NMN | 66.3 ± 13.6 | 67.3 ± 13.8 | 63.4 ± 12.5 | 65.3 ± 12.8 | |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 70–139 | Placebo | 121.9 ± 24.8 | 121.1 ± 26.3 | 125.9 ± 34.4 | 117.1 ± 30.8 |
| NMN | 122.3 ± 34.8 | 128.2 ± 36.6 | 130.9 ± 37.5 | 122.9 ± 35.9 | ||
| LDL/HDL ratio | – | Placebo | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.6 |
| NMN | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | ||
| Lipoprotein (a) (mg/dL) | ≤ 30 | Placebo | 22.8 ± 27.2 | 21.7 ± 25.4 | 21.3 ± 24.7 | 21.3 ± 26.0 |
| NMN | 17.9 ± 16.8 | 16.3 ± 15.5 | 18.4 ± 17.1 | 17.6 ± 17.3 | ||
| Arteriosclerosis index | ≤ 4.5 | Placebo | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 2.2 ± 0.6 |
| NMN | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | ||
| Carbohydrate metabolism | ||||||
| Blood Glucose (mg/dL) | 70–109 | Placebo | 93.5 ± 8.8 | 90.4 ± 9.0 | 92.2 ± 6.8 | 90.8 ± 9.4 |
| NMN | 91.3 ± 4.1 | 90.1 ± 5.6 | 92.9 ± 5.9 | 91.8 ± 4.7 | ||
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 2–11 | Placebo | 6.9 ± 2.9 | 7.1 ± 3.1 | 5.8 ± 2.8 | 6.0 ± 3.2 |
| NMN | 7.1 ± 3.8 | 7.9 ± 4.8 | 7.4 ± 3.8 | 6.3 ± 2.8 | ||
| Nitrogen compound | ||||||
| Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL) | 8.0–20.0 | Placebo | 12.2 ± 2.5 | 13.0 ± 2.6 | 12.8 ± 3.1 | 12.7 ± 2.9 |
| NMN | 12.6 ± 3.4 | 12.5 ± 5.0 | 12.9 ± 3.5 | 12.8 ± 4.5 | ||
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | Female: 2.5–7.0 | Placebo | 4.6 ± 1.2 | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 4.9 ± 1.3 |
| Male: 3.6–7.0 | NMN | 5.0 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.5 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | Female: 0.47–0.79 | Placebo | 0.76 ± 0.16 | 0.76 ± 0.15 | 0.75 ± 0.16 | 0.74 ± 0.16 |
| Male: 0.61–1.04 | NMN | 0.78 ± 0.13 | 0.75 ± 0.11 | 0.73 ± 0.12 | 0.74 ± 0.14 | |
| Proteins | ||||||
| Total Protein (g/dL) | 6.5–8.3 | Placebo | 7.5 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 0.2 | 7.5 ± 0.3 | 7.4 ± 0.2 |
| NMN | 7.7 ± 0.3 | 7.7 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 0.2 # | ||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.8–5.2 | Placebo | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.2 |
| NMN | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | ||
| A/G ratio | 1.3–2.0 | Placebo | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 |
| NMN | 1.7 ± 0.2 # | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | ||
| Electrolytes | ||||||
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 135–147 | Placebo | 141.8 ± 1.1 | 140.3 ± 1.8 * | 141.6 ± 1.1 | 140.8 ± 1.4 |
| NMN | 140.9 ± 0.9 # | 140.8 ± 1.0 | 141.3 ± 1.5 | 140.6 ± 0.9 | ||
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 3.3–5.0 | Placebo | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.3 |
| NMN | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | ||
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.6–10.1 | Placebo | 9.2 ± 0.3 | 9.0 ± 0.2 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 9.1 ± 0.4 |
| NMN | 9.2 ± 0.3 | 9.1 ± 0.3 | 9.1 ± 0.2 | 9.1 ± 0.3 | ||
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 98–108 | Placebo | 101.9 ± 1.5 | 101.7 ± 1.8 | 101.1 ± 1.7 | 101.8 ± 2.1 |
| NMN | 101.5 ± 1.7 | 102.3 ± 2.1 | 101.7 ± 2.1 | 101.8 ± 1.7 | ||
| Inorganic Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 2.5–4.5 | Placebo | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.4 |
| NMN | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | ||
| Metals | ||||||
| Magnesium (mg/dL) | 1.8–2.5 | Placebo | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.1 |
| NMN | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | ||
| Serum Iron (μg/dL) | Female: 40–175 | Placebo | 108.1 ± 27.5 | 111.5 ± 33.7 | 92.9 ± 26.8 | 102.8 ± 44.9 |
| Male: 55–185 | NMN | 113.1 ± 45.5 | 114.8 ± 48.1 | 107.2 ± 49.9 | 110.6 ± 37.3 | |
| Ketone bodies carboxylic acid | ||||||
| Total Ketone bodies (μmol/L) | ≤ 130 | Placebo | 89.9 ± 95.7 | 70.4 ± 54.3 | 85.9 ± 100.6 | 48.5 ± 38.9 |
| NMN | 58.5 ± 57.5 | 65.3 ± 65.6 | 72.8 ± 72.5 | 68.1 ± 89.8 | ||
| Acetoacetic acid (μmol/L) | ≤ 55 | Placebo | 17.2 ± 17.4 | 14.7 ± 9.9 | 17.7 ± 21.6 | 9.7 ± 7.3 |
| NMN | 12.6 ± 10.3 | 15.2 ± 14.9 | 14.5 ± 14.5 | 13.6 ± 16.3 | ||
| 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (μmol/L) | ≤ 85 | Placebo | 72.7 ± 78.7 | 55.7 ± 45.4 | 68.2 ± 79.3 | 38.8 ± 32.1 |
| NMN | 45.9 ± 47.5 | 50.1 ± 50.9 | 58.3 ± 58.2 | 54.6 ± 73.6 | ||
AST aspartate aminotransferase, GOT glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, GPT glutamic pyruvic transaminase, ALP alkaline phosphatase, γ-GT gamma-glutamyltransferase, LD (LDH) lactate dehydrogenase, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein.
The number of participants in the placebo group was n = 15, while the NMN group comprised n = 16. Statistical significance was determined by two-way analysis of variance and Dunnett's post-hoc test (two-tailed test) was used to compare the initial value measured at week 0 with all subsequent measurements. Between-group difference comparisons were made using a paired t-test or Welch’s t-test (only AST and ALT, γ-GT, arteriosclerosis index, blood glucose, urea nitrogen, serum iron, total ketone bodies, acetoacetic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid). Statistically significant within-group differences were defined as *p < 0.05 versus Week 0. Statistically significant between-group differences were defined as #p < 0.05 versus placebo.