Table 5.
Comparison of Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) Variables by CTBIE Symptom Etiology Group (CTBIE+ Sample†): Results of ANCOVAs.
| NSI Variables | 1. Symptom Resolution |
2. TBI | 3. Behavioral Health |
4. Comorbid | 5. Other | Summary Statistics | Adjusted ES |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SE) | M (SE) | M (SE) | M (SE) | M (SE) | F | p | ηp2 | |
| NSI Summary Scores | ||||||||
| Total Score | 28.33 (0.66) | 29.8 (0.55) | 37.18 (0.28) | 38.45 (0.26) | 30.89 (0.69) | 98.18 | <.001 | .061 |
| PST-Mild | 14.50 (0.20) | 15.16 (0.17) | 17.15 (0.09) | 17.70 (0.08) | 15.75 (0.21) | 91.36 | <.001 | .057 |
| PST-Moderate | 9.28 (0.24) | 9.71 (0.21) | 12.30 (0.10) | 13.05 (0.09) | 10.13 (0.26) | 102.56 | <.001 | .063 |
| PST-Severe | 3.69 (0.21) | 4.00 (0.18) | 6.06 (0.09) | 6.03 (0.08) | 4.13 (0.22) | 55.15 | <.001 | .035 |
| Symptom Interference | 1.77 (0.44) | 1.91 (0.04) | 2.24 (0.02) | 2.33 (0.17) | 1.91 (0.05) | 60.42 | <.001 | .041 |
| NSI Symptom Domain Scores | ||||||||
| Vestibular | 2.74 (0.11) | 3.88 (0.09) | 3.22 (0.05) | 3.53 (0.04) | 2.99 (0.11) | 23.04 | <.001 | .015 |
| Somatic/Sensory | 7.27 (0.22) | 8.12 (0.18) | 8.98 (0.09) | 9.68 (0.08) | 8.56 (0.23) | 38.55 | <.001 | .025 |
| Cognitive | 5.49 (0.18) | 6.48 (0.15) | 7.86 (0.08) | 8.22 (0.70) | 6.22 (0.19) | 78.63 | <.001 | .049 |
| Affective | 10.54 (0.25) | 9.97 (0.21) | 14.18 (0.11) | 14.04 (0.10) | 10.75 (0.26) | 132.23 | <.001 | .080 |
| NSI Individual Items | ||||||||
| Feeling dizzy | 0.93 (0.43) | 1.01 (0.04) | 1.10 (0.02) | 1.18 (0.02) | 1.05 (0.45) | 11.57 | <.001 | .008 |
| Loss of balance | 0.94 (0.04) | 0.96 (0.04) | 1.05 (0.02) | 1.16 (0.02) | 0.99 (0.05) | 14.51 | <.001 | .009 |
| Poor coordination, clumsy | 0.87 (0.05) | 0.91 (0.04) | 1.07 (0.02) | 1.07 (0.02) | 1.19 (0.05) | 21.26 | <.001 | .014 |
| Headaches | 1.78 (0.05) | 2.12 (0.05) | 2.06 (0.22) | 2.27 (0.02) | 2.12 (0.06) | 25.26 | <.001 | .016 |
| Nausea | 0.54 (0.05) | 0.63 (0.04) | 0.75 (0.02) | 0.84 (0.02) | 0.72 (0.05) | 14.27 | <.001 | .009 |
| Vision problems | 0.95 (0.05) | 1.10 (0.04) | 1.15 (0.02) | 1.31 (0.02) | 1.06 (0.05) | 20.73 | <.001 | .013 |
| Sensitivity to light | 1.20 (0.06) | 1.47 (0.05) | 1.53 (0.02) | 1.70 (0.02) | 1.43 (0.06) | 22.42 | <.001 | .015 |
| Hearing difficulty | 1.44 (0.05) | 1.51 (0.05) | 1.68 (0.02) | 1.73 (0.02) | 1.38 (0.06) | 15.55 | <.001 | .010 |
| Sensitivity to noise | 1.17 (0.06) | 1.24 (0.05) | 1.58 (0.03) | 1.58 (0.02) | 1.31 (0.06) | 23.66 | <.001 | .015 |
| Numbness or tingling | 1.24 (0.06) | 1.21 (0.05) | 1.44 (0.03) | 1.46 (0.03) | 1.44 (0.06) | 6.55 | <.001 | .004 |
| Change in taste and/or smell | 0.41 (0.04) | 0.37 (0.03) | 0.47 (0.02) | 0.52 (0.02) | 0.48 (0.04) | 4.78 | <.001 | .003 |
| Loss of appetite or increased appetite | 0.85 (0.06) | 0.85 (0.05) | 1.23 (0.02) | 1.24 (0.02) | 0.98 (0.06) | 24.20 | <.001 | .016 |
| Poor concentration | 1.53 (0.05) | 1.85 (0.05) | 2.17 (0.02) | 2.28 (0.02) | 1.78 (0.06) | 60.49 | <.001 | .038 |
| Forgetfulness | 1.76 (0.05) | 2.12 (0.04) | 2.34 (0.02) | 2.46 (0.02) | 2.00 (0.05) | 54.74 | <.001 | .035 |
| Difficulty making decisions | 0.97 (0.06) | 1.07 (0.05) | 1.55 (0.02) | 1.60 (0.02) | 1.05 (0.06) | 59.32 | <.001 | .038 |
| Slowed thinking | 1.23 (0.06) | 1.44 (0.05) | 1.79 (0.02) | 1.88 (0.02) | 1.40 (0.06) | 47.48 | <.001 | .030 |
| Fatigue | 1.52 (0.06) | 1.66 (0.05) | 2.06 (0.02) | 2.08 (0.02) | 1.83 (0.06) | 36.79 | <.001 | .024 |
| Difficulty falling or staying asleep | 2.23 (0.06) | 1.19 (0.05) | 2.68 (0.02) | 2.68 (0.02) | 2.40 (0.06) | 33.90 | <.001 | .022 |
| Feeling anxious or tense | 1.84 (0.05) | 1.64 (0.05) | 2.52 (0.02) | 2.47 (0.02) | 1.77 (0.06) | 118.33 | <.001 | .072 |
| Feeling depressed or sad | 1.38 (0.06) | 1.07 (0.05) | 1.99 (0.03) | 1.92 (0.02) | 1.28 (0.06) | 91.90 | <.001 | .057 |
| Irritability, easily annoyed | 2.01 (0.05) | 1.89 (0.05) | 1.63 (0.02) | 2.60 (0.02) | 1.90 (0.06) | 99.17 | <.001 | .061 |
| Poor frustration tolerance | 1.56 (0.06) | 1.53 (0.05) | 2.30 (0.02) | 2.29 (0.02) | 1.56 (0.06) | 104.48 | <.001 | .065 |
Abbreviations: NSI = Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory; CTBIE = Comprehensive Traumatic Brain Injury Evaluation; TBI = traumatic brain injury; ES = effect size; PST = Positive Symptom Total.
Notes:
Data reflect only veterans with a CTBIE-confirmed history of TBI (CTBIE+ veterans); N=6,305 (due to missing symptom etiology data); 1. Symptom Resolution: n=408; 2. TBI: n=588; 3. Behavioral Health: n=2,236; 4. Comorbid TBI + Behavioral Health: n=2,702; 5. Other: n=371; however, actual N for each outcome of interest may be less due to missing data for covariates. Adjusted means and standard errors are reported in the table, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, employment status, and marital status. Partial eta-squared (ηp2) effect size interpretation = small (0.01), medium (0.06), large (0.14).