Equilibrium dialysis of EmrR bound to ligands. Ligand concentrations were obtained by measuring absorbance at 380 nm with a microtiter plate reader and referencing a corresponding calibration curve that produced a linear absorbance/concentration relationship in the 1 to 100 μM concentration range for each ligand. The data from equilibrium dialysis measurements were plotted to determine the KS (squares), KNS (diamonds), and n[E]t (x axis intercepts) for CCCP (A), FCCP (B), and DNP (C). The nonspecific data for DNP clustered around the origin and are not shown. Each data point is an average of three independent determinations. B, bound; F, free ligand.