Table 1. Patients’ characteristics.
| Mild (N = 11) | Moderate (N = 38) | Severe (N = 15) | P values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 68 (33–78) | 70 (59–77) | 67 (57–73) | 0.647 |
| Male / Female | 2 / 9 | 24 / 14 | 11 / 4 | 0.011 |
| Current smoker | 2 (18) | 3 (8) | 1 (7) | 0.307 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Hypertension | 6 (55) | 14 (37) | 10 (67) | 0.196 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2 (18) | 12 (32) | 9 (60) | 0.146 |
| COPD | 1 (9) | 3 (8) | 1 (7) | 0.221 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2 (18) | 12 (32) | 2 (13) | 0.327 |
| Malignancy | 3 (27) | 10 (26) | 1 (7) | 0.265 |
| Blood biomarkers | ||||
| WBC, μL | 5390 (4400–7400) | 5600 (4200–7800) | 9400 (4800–15000) | 0.091 |
| Neutrophils, /μL | 2884 (2307–4710) | 3833 (2317–5466) | 3620 (1109–8668) | 0.592 |
| Lymphocytes, /μL | 1391 (540–1640) | 831 (519–1320) | 529 (285–936) | 0.046 |
| Platelet, 104 μL | 19.3 (16.2–21.0) | 20.0 (13.8–25.4) | 19.7 (11.9–27.9) | 0.942 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.7 (0.5–0.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–1.1) | 0.476 |
| LDH, U/L | 214 (169–270) | 257 (197–318) | 430 (349–584) | < 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dl | 4.0 (3.7–4.3) | 3.1 (2.7–3.8) | 2.8 (2.5–3.4) | 0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.67 (0.59–0.88) | 0.73 (0.6–0.85) | 1.00 (0.82–1.17) | 0.016 |
| CRP. mg/dL | 0.76 (0.10–4.93) | 3.47 (1.13–7.99) | 10.11 (5.52–17.67) | < 0.001 |
| HO-1, ng/mL | 11.0 (7.3–33.4) | 24.3 (13.5–35.1) | 59.6 (41.1–100) | < 0.001 |
| Soluble CD163, pg/mL | 502.3 (394.6–591.5) | 631.8 (449.3–816.7) | 791.0 (597.8–1575.4) | 0.008 |
| HRCT scores | ||||
| GGO and consolidation score | 3.5 (1–4.3) | 6 (4–10) | 13 (12–17) | < 0.001 |
| Reticular fibrosis score | 0 | 0 (0–2) | 0 | 0.043 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Favipiravir | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 2 (13) | 0.353 |
| Ciclesonide | 0 (0) | 5 (13) | 5 (33) | 0.056 |
| Remdesivir | 1 (9) | 23 (61) | 12 (80) | 0.001 |
| Dexamethasone | 1 (9) | 19 (50) | 10 (67) | 0.012 |
| Lopinavir | 0 (0) | 3 (8) | 3 (20) | 0.633 |
| Tocilizumab | 0 (0) | 4 (11) | 1 (7) | 0.510 |
| ICU visit | 0 (0) | 9 (24) | 15 (100) | < 0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 0 (0) | 4 (11) | 14 (93) | < 0.001 |
| ECMO | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 5 (33) | 0.006 |
| Hospital mortality | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 5 (33) | < 0.001 |
Results are shown as medians with the 25th–the 75th percentiles or numbers (%).
Abbreviation lists
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; GGO, ground glass opacity; HO, heme oxygenase; HRCT, high-resolution computed tomography; ICU, intensive care unit; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; WBC, white cell count.