Table 1. Studies 1 to 5: P values and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) from independent-samples t tests.

Dependent variables are technique recognition (discernment), confidence (manipulative social media content only), trustworthiness (discernment), and sharing (discernment). The independent variable is the experimental condition (inoculation vs. control). P values are uncorrected for multiple comparisons. Significant P values are marked in bold.

Study	Technique recognition		Confidence		Trustworthiness		Sharing
	P value	Cohen’s d	P value	Cohen’s d	P value	Cohen’s d	P value	Cohen’s d
1 - Emotional language	<0.001	0.49	<0.001	0.50	<0.001	0.25	<0.001	0.21
2 - Incoherence	<0.001	0.62	0.471	0.04	0.002	0.19	0.109	0.10
3 - False dichotomies	<0.001	0.68	<0.001	0.48	<0.001	0.32	<0.001	0.22
4 - Scapegoating	<0.001	0.28	<0.001	0.35	0.100	0.10	0.067	0.11
5 - Ad hominem	<0.001	0.45	<0.001	0.24	0.002	0.19	<0.001	0.19