Table 1.

Description of the Sample of Mothers With and Without Intellectual Disability

Mother’s characteristic	Mothers with intellectual disability (N = 263)		Mothers without intellectual disability (N = 1,298)		Test Statistic t	Effect Size d [95% CI]
	M	SD	M	SD
Mean age at child’s birth	24.7	5.9	27.1	5.8	−3.02**	.12 [−.01, .26]
Mean PPVT-R score at child’s age 3	74.6	7.5	95.7	10.6	−19.84***	2.14 [1.98, 2.29]
Parenting stress at child’s age 3	25.9	8.0	24.6	7.9	0.85	−.34 [0.47, −.20]
	N	%	N	%	F	OR [95% CI]
Race or ethnicity					4.36***
Non-Hispanic Whitea	10	11.1	365	43.2
Non-Hispanic Black	169	46.2	608	24.1		10.1 [5.3, 19.5]
Hispanic	76	40.2	281	24.5		9.9 [5.0, 19.4]
Other	7	2.5	42	8.1		6.1 [2.2, 16.8]
Married to birth father at child’s age 3	218	31.7	885	59.7	7.15**	.4 [.3, .6]
Income < 200 % of FPL at child’s birth	210	73.5	751	42.8	8.12**	2.9 [2.1, 3.9]
Educational attainment at child’s birth					14.49***
Less than high schoola	151	39.7	330	15.8
High school diploma	76	52.5	422	35.8		0.4 [.3,.5]
Some college	26	6.4	385	24.7		.2 [.1, .2]
College degree	8	1.4	160	23.7		.1 [.1, .2]
Unemployed at child’s age 3	147	33.2	512	40.7	0.86	1.9 [1.5, 2.6]
Welfare receipt at child’s age 3	103	18.3	287	11.6	2.48	2.3 [1.7, 3.0]
Food Stamp receipt at child’s age 3	155	39.2	542	24.4	3.50	2.0 [1.5, 2.6]
SSI receipt at child’s age 3	23	4.9	44	3.6	0.48	2.7 [1.6, 4.6]
Fair/poor health at child’s age 3	43	14.1	142	9.2	1.26	1.5 [1.1, 2.3]
Support Network at child’s age 3
Participation in any group	91	32.8	629	57.2	5.84*	.5 [.4, .7]
Regular religious attendance	142	60.8	728	61.3	0.00	.9 [.7, 1.2]

Note. All variables are weighted to represent births occurring in large U.S. cities with populations of 200,000 or more between 1998 and 2000. Number of observations (N) is unweighted. PPVT-R = Peabody Picture Test-Revised; FPL = federal poverty level; SSI = Supplemental Security Income.

^aReference category.

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.01.

^***p < 0.001.