Table 1.
General characteristics of included studies.
| First author | Year | Country | Type of stroke | Ethnicity | Design | END definition | END group | Non-END group | NOS score | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | NLR | N | NLR | ||||||||
| Lattanzi et al. [19] | 2017 | Italy | Hemorrhagic | Caucasian | R | (1) An increase ≥ 4 on the NIHSS score, (2) a decrease ≥ 2 on GCS, or (3) death occurred from the time of admission to 7 days posthemorrhage | 54 | 9.46 ± 5.80 | 138 | 3.28 ± 1.98 | 8 |
| Qi et al. [22] | 2018 | China | Hemorrhagic | East Asian | R | (1) An increase ≥ 4 on the NIHSS score, (2) a decrease ≥ 2 on GCS, or (3) death occurred from the time of admission to 7 days posthemorrhage | 166 | 15.98 ± 8.83 | 392 | 8.03 ± 6.44 | 7 |
| Nam et al. [21] | 2019 | Korea | Ischemic | East Asian | R | An increase ≥ 2 on the total NIHSS score or ≥1 on the motor NIHSS score within the first 72 hours of admission | 63 | 3.49 ± 2.73 | 286 | 2.56 ± 1.72 | 7 |
| Chen et al. [15] | 2020 | China | Ischemic | East Asian | R | (1) An increase in NIHSS ≥ 4 from baseline or (2) an increase in Ia of NIHSS ≥ 1 within 72 h | 77 | 8.06 ± 8.36 | 180 | 5.24 ± 3.28 | 7 |
| Cong and Ma [16] | 2021 | China | Ischemic | East Asian | R | (1) An increase > 2 points in the total NIHSS score compared to the score at admission, (2) an increase > 1 point in the NIHSS specificity subitems, namely, level of consciousness (1a–1c) or motor capacity (5a–6b), or (3) new neurological deficits despite no change in the NIHSS score | 55 | 6.06 ± 8.36 | 74 | 4.16 ± 3.73 | 8 |
| Ferro et al. [17] | 2021 | Portugal | Ischemic | Caucasian | R | An increase in NIHSS at 24 hours from the baseline | 85 | 6.83 ± 5.81 | 240 | 6.05 ± 4.95 | 8 |
| Gong et al. [18] | 2021 | China | Ischemic | East Asian | R | An increase in the NIHSS score by ≥4 points in the total score within 24 h after thrombolysis | 193 | 8.42 ± 6.50 | 469 | 4.18 ± 1.57 | 7 |
| Mohamed et al. [20] | 2021 | Egypt | Hemorrhagic | Caucasian | P | (1) An increase ≥ 4 on the NIHSS score, (2) a decrease ≥ 2 on GCS, or (3) death occurred from the time of admission to 7 days posthemorrhage | 17 | 15.92 ± 6.86 | 63 | 23.25 ± 18.39 | 8 |
| Zhi and Xiaopeng [23] | 2021 | China | Ischemic | East Asian | R | An increase ≥ 2 on the total NIHSS score or ≥1 on the motor NIHSS score within the first 72 hours of admission | 32 | 3.30 ± 1.70 | 140 | 2.40 ± 0.97 | 5 |
R: retrospective; P: prospective; N: number; SD: standard deviation; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; NOS: Newcastle-Ottawa scale.