Table 2.
Quality of bias assessment of the included studies according to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
| Study | Selection | Comparability† | Exposure | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case definition | Representativeness of the cases | Selection of controls | Definition of controls | Comparability of cases and controls | Ascertainment of exposure | Same method of ascertainment | Nonresponse rate | |
| Berk et al., 2017 | — | — | — | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | — |
| Després et al., 2020 | — | — | — | — | — | ∗ | — | — |
| Ram et al., 2007 | — | — | — | — | — | ∗ | — | — |
| Gómez-Martin et al., 2018 | ∗ | — | — | — | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ |
| Ho et al., 2021 | — | — | — | — | — | ∗ | ∗ | — |
| Carmona-Maurici et al., 2020 | ∗ | — | — | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | — |
| Kruschitz et al., 2020 | — | — | — | — | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | — |
| Lin et al., 2018 | — | — | — | — | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | — |
| Paredes et al., 2020 | — | — | — | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | — |
| To et al., 2012 | — | — | — | — | — | ∗ | — | — |
| Williams et al., 2007 | — | — | — | — | — | ∗ | — | — |
| Woodard et al., 2010 | — | ∗ | — | — | — | ∗ | — | — |
| Morton et al., 2009 | ∗ | — | — | — | — | ∗ | ∗ | — |
†Only for comparability, a maximum of two stars can be given.