Table 1.
Patient baseline characteristics for patients with at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine and the unexposed patients, before and after propensity score matching
| Before matching | After matching | |||||
| Characteristic | Vaccinated | Unvaccinated | Standardised difference | Vaccinated | Unvaccinated | Standardised difference |
| Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine | ||||||
| Patients (n) | 121 771 | 164 997 | 101 109 | 101 111 | ||
| Follow-up (days), median (IQR) | 107 (80–137) | 104 (71–137) | 107 (78–149) | 107 (79–140) | ||
| COVID-19 diagnosis or positive COVID-19 test (n) | 822 | 1355 | ||||
| Positive COVID-19 test (n) | 231 | 786 | ||||
| Age group (%) | ||||||
| 10–19 | 4.2 | 10.8 | −0.25 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 0.02 |
| 20–49 | 37.2 | 42.6 | −0.11 | 40.3 | 40.1 | 0 |
| 50–64 | 23.9 | 20.3 | 0.09 | 23.6 | 23.7 | 0 |
| 65–74 | 18.8 | 12.6 | 0.17 | 15.8 | 16.6 | −0.02 |
| 75–84 | 11.3 | 8.9 | 0.08 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 0 |
| >84 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 0.02 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 0.01 |
| Gender (%) | ||||||
| Female | 63.7 | 57.8 | 0.12 | 61.4 | 62 | −0.01 |
| Race (%) | ||||||
| Asian | 3.8 | 2.6 | 0.07 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 0.01 |
| Black or African American | 12.4 | 14.2 | −0.05 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 0.01 |
| White | 40.5 | 35.1 | 0.11 | 39.3 | 39.5 | 0 |
| Medical history (%) | ||||||
| Chronic liver disease | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
| Chronic obstructive lung disease | 1.3 | 1 | 0.02 | 1 | 1 | 0.01 |
| Dementia | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0 | 1.1 | 1 | 0.01 |
| Depressive disorder | 5.3 | 4 | 0.06 | 4 | 3.7 | 0.02 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7.1 | 5.2 | 0.08 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 0.01 |
| HIV infection | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.03 | 1.1 | 1 | 0 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 12.9 | 8.1 | 0.16 | 10.2 | 9.5 | 0.02 |
| Hypertensive disorder* | 16 | 11.3 | 0.14 | 13.1 | 12.2 | 0.03 |
| Obesity | 5.1 | 4.9 | 0.01 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 0.02 |
| Osteoarthritis | 7.3 | 4.7 | 0.11 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 0.02 |
| Renal impairment† | 3.7 | 3 | 0.04 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.02 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.01 |
| Heart disease‡ | 8.6 | 7.1 | 0.06 | 7.5 | 7.1 | 0.02 |
| Malignant neoplastic disease | 5.3 | 4.5 | 0.04 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 0.02 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 1.75 (3.18) | 1.69 (3.09) | −0.01 | 1.70 (3.11) | 1.63 (3.03) | −0.01 |
| Influenza vaccination within a year prior | 10.9 | 7.9 | 0.10 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 0.02 |
| Moderna COVID-19 vaccine | ||||||
| Patients (n) | 52 728 | 148 795 | 50 517 | 50 517 | ||
| Follow-up (days), median (IQR) | 127 (102–153) | 123 (99–153) | 126 (101–153) | 126 (102–153) | ||
| COVID-19 diagnosis or positive COVID-19 test (n) | 382 | 786 | ||||
| Positive COVID-19 test (n) | 94 | 447 | ||||
| Age group (%) | ||||||
| 10–19 | 0.5 | 1.7 | −0.12 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.01 |
| 20–49 | 35.7 | 45.7 | −0.20 | 36.9 | 37.4 | −0.01 |
| 50–64 | 21.2 | 23.3 | −0.05 | 21.7 | 21.4 | 0.01 |
| 65–74 | 21.3 | 14.4 | 0.18 | 20.6 | 20.5 | 0.00 |
| 75–84 | 15.4 | 10 | 0.16 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 0.00 |
| >84 | 5.8 | 4.8 | 0.04 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 0.00 |
| Gender (%) | ||||||
| Female | 64.4 | 58.7 | 0.12 | 64.2 | 64.7 | −0.01 |
| Race (%) | ||||||
| Asian | 4.2 | 2.8 | 0.07 | 4.2 | 4.4 | −0.01 |
| Black or African American | 8.7 | 14.2 | −0.17 | 9 | 8.4 | 0.02 |
| White | 48.3 | 34.4 | 0.29 | 46.9 | 47.9 | −0.02 |
| Medical history (%) | ||||||
| Chronic liver disease | 0.5 | 0.6 | −0.02 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 |
| Chronic obstructive lung disease | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.02 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0 |
| Dementia | 1 | 1.2 | −0.02 | 1 | 0.9 | 0.01 |
| Depressive disorder | 4.7 | 3.9 | 0.04 | 4.2 | 4 | 0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 6.6 | 5.6 | 0.04 | 6.2 | 5.8 | 0.02 |
| HIV infection | 0.9 | 1.2 | −0.03 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 14.9 | 8.9 | 0.19 | 13 | 12.6 | 0.01 |
| Hypertensive disorder | 16 | 12.4 | 0.1 | 14.7 | 13.9 | 0.02 |
| Obesity | 4 | 4.4 | −0.02 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 0.01 |
| Osteoarthritis | 7.7 | 5.3 | 0.1 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 0.01 |
| Renal impairment | 3.5 | 3.3 | 0.01 | 3.3 | 3 | 0.01 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2.2 | 1.6 | 0.05 | 2 | 1.8 | 0.02 |
| Heart disease | 10.1 | 7.6 | 0.09 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 0.02 |
| Malignant neoplastic disease | 6.5 | 5 | 0.07 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 0.02 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 1.62 (2.81) | 1.62 (3.00) | 0.00 | 1.59 (2.80) | 1.59 (2.99) | 0.00 |
| Influenza vaccination within a year prior | 8.4 | 6.3 | 0.08 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 0.02 |
| Janssen COVID-19 vaccine | ||||||
| Patients (n) | 5167 | 52 643 | 5031 | 5031 | ||
| Follow-up (days), median (IQR) | 79 (72–95) | 79 (72–95) | 79 (72–95) | 79 (72–95) | ||
| COVID-19 diagnosis or positive COVID-19 test (n) | 31 | 37 | ||||
| Positive COVID-19 test (n) | 8 | 16 | ||||
| Age group (%) | ||||||
| 10–19 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.00 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.00 |
| 20–49 | 43.9 | 43 | 0.02 | 44.2 | 43.9 | 0.01 |
| 50–64 | 31.7 | 31.7 | 0.00 | 31.8 | 31.3 | 0.01 |
| 65–74 | 11.6 | 12.2 | −0.02 | 11.5 | 12 | −0.02 |
| 75–84 | 7.6 | 7.9 | −0.01 | 7.2 | 7.9 | −0.03 |
| >84 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 0.00 | 4.2 | 4 | 0.01 |
| Gender (%) | ||||||
| Female | 63.4 | 63.2 | 0.01 | 63.5 | 61.1 | 0.05 |
| Race (%) | ||||||
| Asian | 3.6 | 1.7 | 0.12 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 0.01 |
| Black or African American | 15.9 | 15.5 | 0.01 | 15.7 | 15.5 | 0 |
| White | 37.4 | 35.7 | 0.03 | 37.4 | 37.5 | 0 |
| Medical history (%) | ||||||
| Chronic liver disease | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.05 | 1 | 1.2 | −0.02 |
| Chronic obstructive lung disease | 2.4 | 1.3 | 0.09 | 2 | 2.2 | −0.01 |
| Dementia | 2.6 | 1.1 | 0.11 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0 |
| Depressive disorder | 8 | 4.8 | 0.13 | 7.1 | 8 | −0.03 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10.3 | 6.2 | 0.15 | 9.5 | 10.2 | −0.02 |
| HIV infection | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.02 | 1.6 | 1.8 | −0.01 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 14.3 | 10.2 | 0.13 | 13.4 | 14.3 | −0.03 |
| Hypertensive disorder | 21.4 | 13.8 | 0.2 | 20.1 | 21.7 | −0.04 |
| Obesity | 7.3 | 5.9 | 0.06 | 6.8 | 7.8 | −0.04 |
| Osteoarthritis | 8.4 | 6.2 | 0.08 | 7.8 | 8.8 | −0.04 |
| Renal impairment | 6.6 | 3.3 | 0.15 | 5.3 | 5.9 | −0.02 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2.7 | 1.7 | 0.07 | 2.3 | 2.4 | −0.01 |
| Heart disease | 11.8 | 8 | 0.13 | 10.3 | 11.7 | −0.04 |
| Malignant neoplastic disease | 5 | 4.9 | 0 | 4.8 | 5.2 | −0.02 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 1.84 (3.34) | 1.55 (2.96) | −0.07 | 1.56 (3.04) | 1.43 (2.79) | −0.03 |
| Influenza vaccination within a year prior | 12.5 | 8.0 | 0.15 | 10.1 | 11.4 | −0.04 |
*Hypertensive disorder includes primary and secondary hypertension.
†Renal impairment includes acute and chronic renal failure (prerenal and renal).
‡Heart disease includes cardiac arrhythmias, heart valve disorders, coronary arteriosclerosis, heart failure, cardiomyopathies, etc.