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. 2022 Aug 24;12:14449. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15948-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Growth response of remote tumors following MTPA to orthotopic HCC tumors. (A) Remote tumors demonstrated continued growth following sham surgery (control arm, n = 15) or anti-PD-1 therapy (n = 12). However, there was inhibition of remote tumor growth following MTPA treatment to the orthotopic liver tumor (n = 12) and in the combination MTPA+anti-PD-1 therapy (n = 12), though there was no difference identified between the MTPA alone versus the combination arm. (B) Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a significant increase in infiltrating CD8+ T cells within the subcutaneous tumors when the orthotopic liver tumor was treated with MTPA and MTPA+anti-PD-1 therapy relative to sham surgery and anti-PD-1 therapy alone (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01). Percentages in panel B reflect the proportion of positively stained cells within a region of interest circumscribing the tumor. Box plots reflect mean +/− standard error. The non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test was used to evaluate differences in the proportions across treatment groups.