Table 1.

Simple differentiators between HSCT-TMA and other common post-transplant complications

Parameter	HSCT-TMA	SOS/VOD	GvHD	Drug toxicity*	DIC
New onset kidney injury	Very common (primary due to vascular injury)	Common (secondary to fluid overload)	Rare	Common	Common (secondary due to hypotension or shock)
New onset MAHA	Very common	Rare	Rare	Uncommon	Common
Rapidly progressing thrombocytopenia	Very common (destruction/consumption due to microangiopathy)	Common (due to platelet consumption)	Common	Drug dependent	Very common
Hypertension	Very common	Rare (typically hypotension)	Uncommon (drug related)	Drug dependent	Rare (typically hypotension)
Seizures/PRES/CNS involvement	Common	Uncommon (encephalopathy with liver failure)	Uncommon (no CNS GvHD)	Drug dependent	Uncommon
Icterus	Rare	Very common	Common with liver GvHD	Uncommon (drug dependent)	Uncommon
Liver	Common (transaminase elevation or indirect bilirubin)	Very common (elevated direct bilirubin)	Very common (secretory diarrhea)	Common	Uncommon
Bowel	Common (injury and bleeding)	Uncommon	Very common	Uncommon	Uncommon
Skin rash/purpura	Common (advanced cases)	Rare	Very common	Very common	Common
Elevated pTT/PT/INR	Rare	Very common	Rare	Rare	Very common
CV/lung involvement	Common (as primary vascular injury)	Common (secondary due to fluid overload)	Common (in cGvHD, e.g., bronchiolitis obliterans)	Uncommon	Common

CNS central nervous system, CV cardiovascular, DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, GvHD graft versus host disease, INR international normalized ratio, MAHA microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, PRES posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, PT prothrombin time, pTT partial thromboplastin time, VOD veno-occlusive disease

*Drug toxicities include adverse reactions to drugs commonly used in the management/post-treatment care of patients who have undergone transplantation, e.g., antibiotics and immunosuppressants [80, 81]