Figure 1. Most frequently administered and prescribed pharmacogenomic medications during surgery encounters.

The medications are ranked by total medications prescribed or administered (in the operating room), during post-surgery hospitalization (admission), and at discharge. Out of 2,371 prescribing events, there were 5 total high-risk medications administered (all tramadol or omeprazole; 2/5 rate of results access among providers) and 100 cautionary mediations administered (most commonly hydralazine, oxycodone, and pantoprazole; 61% rate of access among providers). The top pharmacogenomic medications administered in the operating room were sevoflurane, desflurane, and succinylcholine (60%, 27%, and 10% of surgeries, respectively). The top pharmacogenomic medications administered during admission were oxycodone, tramadol, and aspirin (49%, 42%, and 41% of all admissions, respectively). The top pharmacogenomic medications prescribed at discharge were aspirin, tramadol, and oxycodone (56%, 56%, and 51% of all discharges, respectively).